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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Intern Med / Enteroinsular axis response to carbohydrates and fasting in ...
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2019; 33(6); 2752-2764; doi: 10.1111/jvim.15641

Enteroinsular axis response to carbohydrates and fasting in healthy newborn foals.

Abstract: The enteroinsular axis (EIA) comprises intestinal factors (incretins) that stimulate insulin release after PO ingestion of nutrients. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are the main incretins. The EIA has not been investigated in healthy neonatal foals but should be important because energy demands are high in healthy foals and dysregulation is frequent in sick foals. Objective: To evaluate the EIA response to carbohydrates or fasting in newborn foals. We hypothesized that incretin secretion would be higher after PO versus IV carbohydrate administration or fasting. Methods: Thirty-six healthy Standardbred foals ≤4 days of age. Methods: Prospective study. Blood was collected before and after a PO glucose test (OGT; 300, 500, 1000 mg/kg), an IV glucose test (IVGT; 300, 500, 1000 mg/kg), a PO lactose test (OLT; 1000 mg/kg), and fasting. Foals were muzzled for 240 minutes. Blood was collected over 210 minutes glucose, insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 concentrations were measured. Results: Only PO lactose caused a significant increase in blood glucose concentration (P < .05). All IV glucose doses induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Concentrations of GIP and GLP-1 decreased until foals nursed (P < .05), at which time rapid increases in glucose, insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 concentrations occurred (P < .05). Conclusions: Healthy newborn foals have a functional EIA that is more responsive to milk and lactose than glucose. Non-carbohydrate factors in mare's milk may be important for EIA activity. Constant exposure of intestinal cells to nutrients to maintain EIA activity could be relevant to management of sick foals. Foals can be fasted for 4 hours without experiencing hypoglycemia.
© 2019 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
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Publication Date: 2019-10-30 PubMed ID: 31664736PubMed Central: PMC6872622DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15641Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Clinical Trial
  • Veterinary
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigates how the enteroinsular axis, a system of the body that stimulates insulin release, responds to carbohydrates and fasting in newborn foals. The results show that these foals have a functional EIA that responds more to milk and lactose than to glucose. These findings have implications on the health management of foals.

Introduction to Enteroinsular Axis

  • The enteroinsular axis (EIA) is a system in the body comprising of intestinal factors, known as incretins. These incretins stimulate the release of insulin in the body after the ingestion of nutrients.
  • The main incretins in the EIA are glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).
  • Research on the EIA in healthy newborn foals has been limited, but it is important in energy demands and regulation in these young horses.

Objective of the Study

  • The aim of the study was to evaluate how the EIA in newborn foals responds to carbohydrates or fasting.
  • The hypothesis predicted that incretin secretion would be higher after eating a carbohydrate versus receiving it intravenously or after fasting.

Methodology of the Study

  • The study was done on thirty-six healthy newborn foals who were not older than four days.
  • Blood was collected before and after tests, which included a PO glucose test, an IV glucose test, a PO lactose test, and fasting. The foals were muzzled for 240 minutes during this period while glucose, insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 levels were measured.

Results of the Study

  • Only oral lactose caused a significant increase in blood glucose concentration.
  • All the IV glucose doses induced hyperglycemia (high glucose levels) and hyperinsulinemia (excess insulin).
  • Concentrations of GIP and GLP-1 decreased until the foals nursed, after which there were rapid increases in glucose, insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 levels.

Conclusions of the Study

  • The study found that healthy newborn foals have a functional EIA that is more responsive to milk and lactose than glucose.
  • Non-carbohydrate factors in mare’s milk may be important for EIA activity.
  • The conclusion suggests that maintaining exposure of intestinal cells to nutrients could be important for maintaining EIA activity, and this could be relevant for managing sick foals.
  • It is also advisable to fast foals for 4 hours, as it does not lead to hypoglycemia (low glucose levels).

Cite This Article

APA
Rings LM, Swink JM, Dunbar LK, Burns TA, Toribio RE. (2019). Enteroinsular axis response to carbohydrates and fasting in healthy newborn foals. J Vet Intern Med, 33(6), 2752-2764. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15641

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 33
Issue: 6
Pages: 2752-2764

Researcher Affiliations

Rings, Lindsey M
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Swink, Jacob M
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Dunbar, Laura K
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Burns, Teresa A
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
Toribio, Ramiro E
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Animals, Newborn
  • Energy Metabolism
  • Food Deprivation
  • Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / metabolism
  • Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / metabolism
  • Glucose Tolerance Test / veterinary
  • Horses / blood
  • Incretins / blood
  • Insulin / blood
  • Insulin / metabolism
  • Lactose / administration & dosage
  • Lactose / pharmacology

Grant Funding

  • Ohio Quarter Horse Association
  • The Ohio State University equine research funds

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Stefanovski D, Robinson MA, Van Eps A. Effect of a GLP-1 mimetic on the insulin response to oral sugar testing in horses.. BMC Vet Res 2022 Jul 29;18(1):294.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03394-2pubmed: 35906619google scholar: lookup
  2. Kinsella HM, Hostnik LD, Snyder HA, Mazur SE, Kamr AM, Burns TA, Mossbarger JC, Toribio RE. Comparison of insulin sensitivity between healthy neonatal foals and horses using minimal model analysis.. PLoS One 2022;17(1):e0262584.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262584pubmed: 35030228google scholar: lookup
  3. Kinsella HM, Hostnik LD, Rings LM, Swink JM, Burns TA, Toribio RE. Glucagon, insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol in response to carbohydrates and fasting in healthy neonatal foals.. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jan;35(1):550-559.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16024pubmed: 33415818google scholar: lookup
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