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Home/Equine Research Bank/Viruses/Epidemiological and Genomic Characterisation of Middelburg a...
Viruses2022; 14(9); 2013; doi: 10.3390/v14092013

Epidemiological and Genomic Characterisation of Middelburg and Sindbis Alphaviruses Identified in Horses with Febrile and Neurological Infections, South Africa (2014-2018).

Abstract: Although Old World alphaviruses, Middelburg- (MIDV) and Sindbis virus (SINV), have previously been detected in horses and wildlife with neurologic disease in South Africa, the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of MIDV and SINV infections in animals are not well documented. Clinical samples from horses across South Africa with acute or fatal neurologic and febrile infections submitted between 2014-2018 were investigated. In total, 69/1084 (6.36%) and 11/1084 (1.01%) horses tested positive for MIDV and SINV, respectively, by real-time reverse transcription (RT) PCR. Main signs/outcomes for MIDV ( = 69): 73.91% neurological, 75.36% fever, 28.99% icterus and anorexia, respectively, 8.70% fatalities; SINV ( = 11): 54.54% neurological, 72.73% fever, 36.36% anorexia and 18.18% fatalities. MIDV cases peaked in the late summer/autumn across most South African provinces while SINV cases did not show a clear seasonality and were detected in fewer South African provinces. MIDV could still be detected in blood samples via RT-PCR for up to 71,417 and 21 days after onset of signs in 4 horses respectively, suggesting prolonged replication relative to SINV which could only be detected in the initial sample. Phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences of the nsP4 (MIDV = 59 and SINV = 7) and E1 (MIDV = 45) genes, as well as full genome sequences (MIDV = 6), clustered the MIDV and SINV strains from the present study with previously detected strains. MIDV infection appears to be more prevalent in horses than SINV infection based on RT-PCR results, however, prevalence estimates might be different when also considering serological surveillance data.
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Publication Date: 2022-09-11 PubMed ID: 36146819PubMed Central: PMC9501102DOI: 10.3390/v14092013Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examined the incidence and characteristics of neurological and febrile infections caused by Old World alphaviruses, Middelburg- (MIDV) and Sindbis virus (SINV), in horses in South Africa from 2014 to 2018. The study found more cases of MIDV than SINV, with MIDV also presenting prolonged replication relative to SINV.

Research Context and Approach

  • The study was driven by previous findings of MIDV and SINV in horses and wildlife in South Africa that presented with neurological diseases. However, there was limited documentation on the pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of these infections in animals, which created the need for this research.
  • The researchers analyzed clinical samples drawn from horses throughout South Africa with acute or fatal neurological and febrile infections submitted between 2014 and 2018.
  • These samples were tested for MIDV and SINV using real-time reverse transcription (RT) PCR, a method effective in detecting and measuring RNA in samples.

Key Findings

  • The testing found that 6.36% (69 out of 1084) and 1.01% (11 out of 1084) of the horses were positive for MIDV and SINV, respectively.
  • Main clinical symptoms of MIDV included neurological signs (73.91% of cases), fever (75.36%), icterus and anorexia (28.99%), with fatalities in 8.70% of cases. For SINV, the figures were 54.54% neurological, 72.73% fever, 36.36% anorexia, and 18.18% fatalities.
  • The occurrence of MIDV cases was highest in late summer or autumn across most provinces in South Africa, whereas SINV cases presented no clear seasonal trends and were found in fewer provinces.
  • MIDV presented a more prolonged replication compared to SINV, as shown by the detection of MIDV in blood samples up to 71,417 and 21 days after onset of signs in four horses. In contrast, SINV could only be detected in the initial sample.

Genomic Characterization

  • The researchers performed phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences of the nsP4 (MIDV = 59 and SINV = 7) and E1 (MIDV = 45) genes, as well as full genome sequences (MIDV = 6).
  • They found that MIDV and SINV strains in their study clustered together with strains previously detected, indicating similarities in the genomic characteristics of the viruses from different periods.

Implications

  • The study concluded that MIDV infection appears more prevalent in horses than SINV infection based on RT-PCR testing.
  • However, the authors caution that the prevalence estimates might differ if serological surveillance data, which measures the presence of antibodies in the blood, are taken into account.

Cite This Article

APA
Fourie I, Snyman J, Williams J, Ismail A, Jansen van Vuren P, Venter M. (2022). Epidemiological and Genomic Characterisation of Middelburg and Sindbis Alphaviruses Identified in Horses with Febrile and Neurological Infections, South Africa (2014-2018). Viruses, 14(9), 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14092013

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 9
PII: 2013

Researcher Affiliations

Fourie, Isabel
  • Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa.
Snyman, Jumari
  • Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa.
Williams, June
  • Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa.
Ismail, Arshad
  • Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg 2192, South Africa.
  • Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
Jansen van Vuren, Petrus
  • Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity, Geelong 3220, Australia.
Venter, Marietjie
  • Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa.

MeSH Terms

  • Alphavirus Infections / diagnosis
  • Alphavirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Alphavirus Infections / veterinary
  • Animals
  • Anorexia
  • Genomics
  • Horses
  • Phylogeny
  • Sindbis Virus / genetics
  • South Africa / epidemiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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This article has been cited 1 times.
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