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Influenza and other respiratory viruses2013; 7 Suppl 4(Suppl 4); 61-72; doi: 10.1111/irv.12192

Epidemiological and virological investigations of equine influenza outbreaks in Ireland (2010-2012).

Abstract: Outbreaks of equine influenza (EI) in endemic populations cause disruption and economic loss. Objective: To identify (i) factors involved in the spread of EI (ii) virus strains responsible for outbreaks (iii) single radial haemolysis (SRH) antibody levels correlating with protection against current virus strains (iv) evidence of vaccination breakdown. Methods: RT-PCR, virus isolation and SRH were carried out on nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples collected from horses, ponies and donkeys on affected premises. Data relating to 629 samples from 135 equidae were analysed. Conclusions: Outbreaks were sporadic, self limiting and associated with the movement of horses. Vaccination status and age influenced clinical signs of disease while housing and fomites contributed to virus spread. Subclinical infection as defined as a horse which tested positive by one or more of the following; RT-PCR, virus isolation and seroconversion in the absence of clinical signs, was identified in 9% of animals. Of the horses with up to date vaccination records 32% developed clinical signs. Vaccine breakdown occurred among horses vaccinated with all four commercially available vaccines. Analysis of HA1 sequence data generated for 26 viruses indicated that they all belonged to clade 2 of the Florida sublineage. Higher SRH antibody levels were required for both clinical and virological protection than reported in studies where vaccine strains were antigenically and genetically similar to those circulating in the field. The results of this study therefore support the OIE recommendations that vaccines be updated to include representatives of both clades of the Florida sublineage.
© 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2013-11-28 PubMed ID: 24224821PubMed Central: PMC5655889DOI: 10.1111/irv.12192Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the factors contributing to the spread of equine influenza (EI), the virus strains responsible for outbreaks in Ireland between 2010 and 2012, and the correlation between antibody levels and the protection against current virus strains. It also explores the instances of vaccination breakdown and potential improvements to existing vaccination strategies.

Methods and Sample Analysis

  • The scientists conducted RT-PCR (a type of method used to detect and measure the presence of specific genetic material), virus isolation techniques, and single radial haemolysis (a method for detecting specific antibodies in blood) on nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples collected from horses, ponies, and donkeys on the premises affected by the EI outbreaks.
  • The research analyzed data relating to 629 samples from 135 equidae (a taxonomic group that includes horses, donkeys, and zebras).

Outbreak Patterns and Factors Contributing to Virus Spread

  • The study found that the EI outbreaks were sporadic, self-limiting, and were associated with the movement of horses. This implies that the transfer of horses from one location to another played a significant role in the spread of the disease.
  • It was observed that factors such as vaccination status, age of the horses, their living conditions, and fomites (objects or materials likely to carry infection) contributed significantly to the spread of the virus and the manifestation of disease symptoms.

Subclinical Infections and Vaccine Breakdown

  • Subclinical infections, or instances where horses tested positive for the virus but did not show any outward signs of illness, were identified in 9% of animals.
  • The research found that even among horses with up-to-date vaccination records, 32% still developed clinical signs of EI. This points to a phenomenon called vaccine breakdown, where vaccinated individuals still get sick, and this occurred among horses vaccinated with all four commercially available vaccines.

Strain Identification and Vaccination Recommendations

  • Through analysis of the sequences of a viral protein (HA1), they found that all 26 viruses tested belonged to clade 2 of the Florida sublineage. This implies that despite the range of EI outbreaks, one specific strain was primarily responsible.
  • The study concluded that higher SRH antibody levels were required for both clinically and virologically protecting the equidae than those levels reported in studies where vaccine strains matched closely to the ones circulating in the field.
  • Based on these findings, the researchers supported the OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) recommendations that vaccines should be updated to include representatives of both clades of the Florida sublineage to better match the circulating strains and offer more effective protection.

Cite This Article

APA
Gildea S, Fitzpatrick DA, Cullinane A. (2013). Epidemiological and virological investigations of equine influenza outbreaks in Ireland (2010-2012). Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 7 Suppl 4(Suppl 4), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12192

Publication

Influenza and other respiratory viruses
ISSN: 1750-2659
NlmUniqueID: 101304007
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 7 Suppl 4
Issue: Suppl 4
Pages: 61-72

Researcher Affiliations

Gildea, Sarah
  • Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
Fitzpatrick, David A
    Cullinane, Ann

      MeSH Terms

      • Amino Acid Sequence
      • Animals
      • Antibodies, Viral / immunology
      • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
      • Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / chemistry
      • Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / genetics
      • Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / immunology
      • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
      • Horse Diseases / immunology
      • Horse Diseases / virology
      • Horses
      • Influenza A virus / classification
      • Influenza A virus / genetics
      • Influenza A virus / immunology
      • Influenza A virus / isolation & purification
      • Ireland / epidemiology
      • Molecular Sequence Data
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
      • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
      • Phylogeny
      • Sequence Alignment

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