Epidemiological observations on pastern dermatitis in young horses and evaluation of essential fatty acid spot-on applications with or without phytosphingosine as prophylactic treatment.
Abstract: Equine pastern dermatitis (EPD) is a common multifactorial clinical syndrome in horses. Treatment can be difficult; pathogenesis and triggering factors cannot always be determined. Objective: To assess risk factors for developing EPD in a large group of horses kept under the same conditions and to analyse whether or not a spot-on containing essential fatty acids and antimicrobial agents is able to prevent the development of EPD or accelerate the healing process. Methods: Each year 50 young, privately owned, warmblood horses were prospectively included. Methods: All horses were examined weekly between August and October for the presence of typical EPD skin lesions. Additionally, in the first year, horses were randomly divided into three subgroups of intervention. The pastern areas were treated once weekly either with 0.6 mL of a spot-on containing essential fatty acids and aromatic oils, or a preparation containing additional antibacterial phytosphingosine, or not at all. Results: Nonpigmented pastern areas were affected significantly more often than pigmented pastern areas (P < 0.0001). The interaction between moisture and opportunistic pathogens seemed to be a major triggering factor for EPD. There was no difference in the occurrence of EPD in the three subgroups. The lesion scores of affected limbs in both spot-on groups were significantly lower compared to the control group. Conclusions: Moisture and lack of pigmentation predisposed to EPD. Topical application of the tested spot-on once weekly did not prevent the disease. A positive effect of both spot-on products on the severity of EPD lesions was detected. 背景-马骹皮炎(EPD)是马中常见的多因素临床综合征。治疗可能很困难; 发病机制和触发因素经常无法确定。 目的-评估在相同条件下饲养的大量马中发生EPD的风险因素, 并分析含有必需脂肪酸和抗菌剂的滴剂是否能够预防EPD的发生或加速愈合过程。 动物-每年前瞻性纳入50匹年轻、私人所有、温血马。 方法-8月至10月期间每周检查所有马是否存在典型的EPD皮肤病变。此外, 在第一年, 将马随机分为三个干预亚组。骹区域每周用0.6 mL含有必需脂肪酸和芳香油的滴剂,或含有额外抗菌植物鞘氨醇的制剂治疗一次, 或根本不治疗。 结果-无色素骹区域的发病频率显著高于有色素骹区域(P < 0.0001)。潮湿和条件致病菌之间的相互作用似乎是EPD的主要触发因素。3个亚组EPD的发生无差异。与对照组相比, 两个滴剂组的患肢病变评分均显著降低。 结论和临床重要性-潮湿和无色素沉着易发EPD。每周1次局部应用滴剂的试验不能预防该病。检测到两种滴剂产品对EPD病变严重程度的积极作用。. Contexte - La dermatite du paturon équin (EPD) est un syndrome clinique multifactoriel courant chez les chevaux. Le traitement peut être difficile ; la pathogénie et les facteurs déclenchants ne peuvent pas toujours être déterminés. Objectifs - Évaluer les facteurs de risque de développement d'EPD dans un grand groupe de chevaux gardés dans les mêmes conditions et analyser si un spot-on contenant des acides gras essentiels et des agents antimicrobiens est capable ou non de prévenir le développement d'EPD ou d'accélérer le processus de guérison. Animaux - Chaque année, 50 jeunes chevaux à sang chaud appartenant à des particuliers ont été inclus de manière prospective. Méthodes - Tous les chevaux ont été examinés chaque semaine entre août et octobre pour la présence de lésions cutanées typiques d’EPD. De plus, la première année, les chevaux ont été divisés au hasard en trois sous-groupes d'intervention. Les zones de paturon ont été traitées une fois par semaine soit avec 0,6 ml d'un spot-on contenant des acides gras essentiels et des huiles aromatiques, soit avec une préparation contenant de la phytosphingosine antibactérienne supplémentaire, soit pas du tout. Résultats - Les zones de paturon non pigmentées étaient significativement plus souvent touchées que les zones de paturon pigmentées (P < 0,0001). L'interaction entre l'humidité et les pathogènes opportunistes semble être un facteur déclenchant majeur de l'EPD. Il n'y avait pas de différence dans la survenue d'EPD dans les trois sous-groupes. Les scores de lésions des membres affectés dans les deux groupes spot-on étaient significativement inférieurs à ceux du groupe témoin. Conclusion et importance clinique - Humidité et absence de pigmentation prédisposant à l'EPD. L'application topique du spot-on testé une fois par semaine n'a pas empêché la maladie. Un effet positif des deux produits spot-on sur la sévérité des lésions EPD a été détecté. Hintergrund - Die bakterielle Entzündung der Fesselbeuge (EPD) beim Pferd ist ein häufiges multifaktorielles Syndrom bei Pferden. Die Behandlung kann schwierig sein; Pathogenese und auslösende Faktoren können nicht immer festgestellt werden. Ziele - Eine Erfassung der Risikofaktoren, die zur Entwicklung einer EPD bei einer großen Gruppe von Pferden, die alle unter denselben Bedingungen gehalten wurden, führen, sowie eine Analyse ob ein Spot-on mit essenziellen Fettsäuren und antimikrobiellen Bestandteilen in der Lage ist, die Entwicklung von EPD zu verhindern, oder den Heilungsprozess zu verbessern. Tiere - Jedes Jahr wurden 50 junge Warmblüter in Privatbesitz prospektiv inkludiert. Methoden - Alle Pferde wurden zwischen August und Oktober wöchentlich auf das Auftreten von typischen EPD Hautveränderungen untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden die Pferde im ersten Jahr zufällig in drei Untergruppen unterschiedlicher Eingriffe aufgeteilt. Die Fesselgegend wurde einmal wöchentlich entweder mit 0,6mL eines Spot-ons, welches essenzielle Fettsäuren und aromatische Öle beinhaltete oder mit einem Präparat, welches noch zusätzlich Phytosphingosine enthielt oder gar nicht behandelt. Ergebnisse - Nichtpigmentierte Fesselregionen waren signifikant häufiger betroffen als pigmentierte Fesselregionen (P < 0,0001). Die Interaktion zwischen Feuchtigkeit und opportunistischen pathogenen Keimen schien ein hauptsächlich auslösender Faktor für eine EPD zu sein. Es bestand kein Unterschied beim Auftreten der EPD zwischen den drei Untergruppen. Die Bewertungen der Veränderungen von betroffenen Extremitäten in beiden Spot-on Gruppen war signifikant niedriger im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung - Feuchtigkeit und Mangel an Pigment prädisponieren zu EPD. Eine einmal wöchentliche topische Applikation des getesteten Spot-ons konnte die Krankheit nicht verhindern. Es wurde eine positive Auswirkung beider Spot-on Produkte auf den Schweregrad der EPD Veränderungen gesehen. 背景 - 馬繋皹(EPD) は馬によくみられる多因子性の臨床症候群である。治療は困難であり、病因や誘発因子は必ずしも特定できない。 目的-本研究の目的は、同一条件下で飼育された大規模な馬群におけるEPD発症の危険因子を評価し、必須脂肪酸および抗菌剤を含むスポットオン製剤がEPD発症の予防または治癒過程の促進に有効であるか否かを分析することであった。 供試動物-毎年、50頭の若いオーナー所有のウォームブラッドを前向きに組み入れた。 方法 - 8月から10月の間、すべての馬を毎週検査し、典型的なEPD皮膚病変の有無を確認した。さらに、初年度は、馬を無作為に 3 つのサブグループに分け、介入を行った。馬の肩甲骨部は、必須脂肪酸とアロマオイルを含む0.6mLのスポットオン剤、または抗菌性フィトスフィンゴシンを含む製剤で週1回治療するか、まったく治療しないかのいずれかにした。 結果 - 色素沈着していない繋部は、色素沈着している繋部よりも有意に高い頻度で罹患していた(P < 0.0001) 。水分および日和見病原体の相互作用がEPDの主要な誘発因子であると思われた。3つのサブグループにおいてEPDの発生に差はなかった。両スポットオン群における患肢の病変スコアは対照群に比べ有意に低かった。 結論と臨床的重要性 - 水分および色素沈着の欠如が EPD の素因となった。試験したスポットオン製剤を週1回外用しても、本疾患を予防することはできなかった。EPD病変の重症度に対して、両スポットオン製品のポジティブな効果が検出された。 www.DeepL.com/Translator (無料版) で翻訳しました。. Contexto - A dermatite de quartela equina (DQE) é uma síndrome clínica multifatorial em cavalos. O tratamento pode ser difícil; a patogênese e os fatores desencadeantes nem sempre podem ser determinados. Objetivos - Avaliar os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de DQE em um grande grupo de equinos mantidos sob as mesmas condições e analisar se um produto spot on contendo ácidos graxos essenciais e antimicrobianos é capaz de prevenir o desenvolvimento de DQE ou acelerar o processo de cicatrização. Animais - A cada ano, 50 cavalos de sangue quente, jovens, de proprietários foram incluídos prospectivamente. Métodos - Todos os cavalos foram examinados semanalmente entre agosto e outubro investigando-se a presença de lesões cutâneas típicas de DQE. Além disso, no primeiro ano, os cavalos foram divididos aleatoriamente em três subgrupos de intervenção. As quartelas foram tratadas semanalmente com 0,6ml de um spot on contendo ou ácidos graxos essenciais e óleos aromáticos, ou uma preparação contendo fitoesfingosina antibacteriana adicionalmente, ou nada. Resultados - A frequência de lesões em quartelas despigmentadas foi significativamente mais frequente que em quartelas pigmentadas (P < 0,0001). A interação entre umidade de patógenos oportunistas parece ter sido o principal fator desencadeante da DQE. Não houve diferença na ocorrência de DQE nos três subgrupos. Os escores de lesões nos membros afetados em ambos os grupos de spot on foi significativamente menor comparado ao grupo controle. Conclusão e importância clínica - Umidade e despigmentação foram fatores predisponentes de DQE. A aplicação tópica dos produtos spot-on testados uma vez por semana não preveniu a doença. Detectou-se um efeito positivo em ambos os produtos spot on na gravidade das lesões de DQE. Introducción- la dermatitis de la cuartilla equina (EPD) es un síndrome clínico multifactorial común en los caballos. El tratamiento puede ser difícil; la patogenia y los factores desencadenantes no siempre pueden determinarse. Objetivos- evaluar los factores de riesgo para desarrollar EPD en un gran grupo de caballos mantenidos en las mismas condiciones y analizar si una aplicación local de un producto que contiene ácidos grasos esenciales y agentes antimicrobianos puede prevenir el desarrollo de EPD o acelerar el proceso de curación. Animales- cada año se incluyeron prospectivamente 50 caballos jóvenes warmbloods de propiedad privada. Métodos- todos los caballos fueron examinados semanalmente entre agosto y octubre para detectar la presencia de lesiones cutáneas típicas de EPD. Además, en el primer año, los caballos se dividieron aleatoriamente en tres subgrupos de intervención. Las áreas de la cuartilla se trataron una vez por semana con 0,6 ml de un producto local que contenía ácidos grasos esenciales y aceites aromáticos, o con una preparación que contenía fitofingosina antibacteriana adicional, o no se trató en absoluto. Resultados- las áreas de la cuartilla no pigmentadas se vieron afectadas con mucha más frecuencia que las áreas de la cuartilla pigmentadas (P < 0,0001). La interacción entre la humedad y los patógenos oportunistas parecía ser un importante factor desencadenante de la EPD. No hubo diferencia en la aparición de EPD en los tres subgrupos. Los valores adjudicados a las lesiones de las extremidades afectadas en ambos grupos en los que ser realizó tratamiento local fueron significativamente más bajas en comparación con el grupo control. Conclusión e importancia clínica - la humedad y falta de pigmentación predisponen a EPD. La aplicación tópica de un producto local una vez a la semana no previno la enfermedad. Se detectó un efecto positivo de ambos productos locales al disminuir la gravedad de las lesiones de EPD.
Publication Date: 2022-03-16 PubMed ID: 35293641DOI: 10.1111/vde.13066Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This study examined factors contributing to Equine pastern dermatitis (EPD), a common skin condition in horses, and tested the effectiveness of weekly application treatments containing essential fatty acids and antibiotics. It was found that conditions of moisture and lack of pigmentation increased the likelihood of EPD. The treatments did not prevent EPD, but they reduced the severity of the affected horses’ legions.
Study Methods
- 50 young, privately owned warmblood horses were the subjects of the study conducted each year.
- The horses were examined weekly from August to October for signs of EPD skin lesions.
- During the first year, the horses were divided into three test groups. One group received a weekly treatment of 0.6 mL of a spot-on medication containing essential fatty acids and aromatic oils. Another group received a similar weekly treatment, but with the addition of antibacterial phytosphingosine. A control group received no treatment.
Study Results
- The results indicated no significant difference in the occurrence of EPD among the three subgroups.
- Nonpigmented areas of pastern (a part of a horse’s leg) were more often affected than pigmented pastern areas. This suggests that lack of pigmentation increases the risk of EPD.
- The study also found that the presence of moisture and opportunistic pathogens were major triggers for EPD.
- Though the treatments did not prevent EPD, the scores for the severity of lesions on affected limbs were significantly lower in the treatment groups compared to the control group.
Conclusions
- Moisture and lack of pigmentation were identified as factors that predispose horses to EPD, leading to the conclusion that environment and physical characteristics play a role in the development of the condition.
- The weekly topical applications of spot on treatments did not prevent EPD. However, they did have a positive effect on decreasing the severity of the legions.
Cite This Article
APA
Raizner NT, Gedon NKY, Zablotski Y, Kania SA, Kühnle HF, Kühnle C, Mueller RS.
(2022).
Epidemiological observations on pastern dermatitis in young horses and evaluation of essential fatty acid spot-on applications with or without phytosphingosine as prophylactic treatment.
Vet Dermatol, 33(3), 221-e62.
https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13066 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Comparative medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
- Veterinary Practice Dr. Kühnle, Parkstr. 7, 74532 Ilshofen, Germany.
- Equine Hospital, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Dermatitis / drug therapy
- Dermatitis / epidemiology
- Dermatitis / prevention & control
- Dermatitis / veterinary
- Fatty Acids
- Horse Diseases / drug therapy
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horses
- Sphingosine / analogs & derivatives
References
This article includes 31 references
- Scott DW, Miller WH. Equine Dermatology. 2nd edition. Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders Elsevier, 2011; 436-467.
- Von Tscharner C, Kunkle G, Yager J. Stannard's Illustrated Equine Dermatology notes - an introduction. Vet Dermatol 2000;11:217-223.
- Yu AA. Equine Pastern Dermatitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2013;29:577-588.
- Risberg AI, Webb CB, Cooley AJ. Leucocytoclastic vasculitis associated with Staphylococcus intermedius in the pastern of a horse. Vet Rec 2005;156:740-743.
- Psalla D, Rüfenacht S, Stoffel MH. Equine pastern vasculitis: a clinical and histopathological study. Vet J 2013;198:524-530.
- Ferraro GL. Pastern dermatitis in Shires and Clydesdales. J Equine Vet Sci 2001;21:524-526.
- Federici M, Gerber V, Doherr MG. [Association of skin problems with coat colour and white markings in three-year-old horses of the Franches-Montagnes breed]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 2015;157:391-398.
- Maksimović A, Šunje-Rizvan A, Bećirević A. Prevalence of the Equine pastern dermatitis (mud fever) in Bosnia and Herzegovina - a pilot study. Veterinaria 2019; 68: 87-89.
- Wallraf A, Hamann H, Deegen E. [Analysis of the prevalence of pastern dermatitis in German Coldblood horse breeds]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2004;117:148-152.
- White SD, Affolter VK, Dewey J. Cutaneous vasculitis in equines: a retrospective study of 72 cases. Vet Dermatol 2009;20:600-606.
- Panzuti P, Rocafort Ferrer G, Mosca M. Equine pastern vasculitis in a horse associated with a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate. Vet Dermatol 2020;31:247-e255.
- Thomas J, Narkowicz C, Peterson GM. Randomised controlled trial of the treatment of pastern dermatitis with a formulation containing kunzea oil. Vet Rec 2009;164:619-623.
- Bibel DJ, Aly R, Shinefield HR. Topical sphingolipids in antisepsis and antifungal therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20:395-400.
- Chung N, Mao C, Heitman J. Phytosphingosine as a specific inhibitor of growth and nutrient import in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2001;276:35,614-35,621.
- Pavicic T, Wollenweber U, Farwick M. Anti-microbial and -inflammatory activity and efficacy of phytosphingosine: an in vitro and in vivo study addressing acne vulgaris. Int J Cosmet Sci 2007;29:181-190.
- Duangkaew L, Larsuprom L, Lekcharoensuk C. Effect of a mixture of essential oils and a plant-based extract for the management of localized superficial pyoderma in dogs: An open-label clinical trial. Thai J Vet Med 2017;47:513-522.
- Bensignor E, Fabriès L, Martin-Vo C. In vitro antimicrobial activity of a spot-on containing a mixture of essential oils and a plant extract against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis. In: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology, Vancouver, Canada: 2012;67.
- Bensignor E, Fabriès L. In vitro antimicrobial activity of a product range containing plant antimicrobials against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis. In: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Dermatology Forum, Nashville, TN, USA: April 2015;281.
- Bensignor E, Fabriès L, Bailleux L. A split-body, randomized, blinded study to evaluate the efficacy of a topical spray composed of essential oils and essential fatty acids from plant extracts with antimicrobial properties. Vet Dermatol 2016;27:464-e123.
- Frank LA, Kania SA, Weyant E. RT-qPCR for the diagnosis of dermatophilosis in horses. Vet Dermatol 2016;27:431-e112.
- Geburek F, Ohnesorge B, Deegen E. Alterations of epidermal proliferation and cytokeratin expression in skin biopsies from heavy draught horses with chronic pastern dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2005;16:373-384.
- Bernard JJ, Gallo RL, Krutmann J. Photoimmunology: how ultraviolet radiation affects the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2019;19:688-701.
- Scott DW, Miller WH. Equine Dermatology. 2nd edition. Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders Elsevier, 2011; 398-420.
- Colles CM, Colles KM, Galphin JR. Equine pastern dermatitis. Equine Vet Educ 2010;22:566-570.
- Weese JS, Yu AA. Infectious folliculitis and dermatophytosis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2013;29:559-575.
- Scott DW, Miller WH. Equine Dermatology. 2nd edition. Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders Elsevier, 2011; 130-170.
- Aufox EE, Frank LA, May ER. The prevalence of Dermatophilus congolensis in horses with pastern dermatitis using PCR to diagnose infection in a population of horses in southern USA. Vet Dermatol 2018;29:435-e144.
- Kalemba D, Kunicka A. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils. Curr Med Chem 2003;10:813-829.
- Mueller RS, Bergvall K, Bensignor E. A review of topical therapy for skin infections with bacteria and yeast. Vet Dermatol 2012;23:330-341, e62.
- Seltzer JD, Flynn-Lurie AK, Marsella R. Investigation of the clinical efficacy of 0.2% topical stannous fluoride for the treatment of canine superficial pyoderma: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Vet Dermatol 2010;21:249-258.
- Magnusson BM, Walters KA, Roberts MS. Veterinary drug delivery: potential for skin penetration enhancement. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001;50:205-227.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists