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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2020; 10(1); 20; doi: 10.3390/pathogens10010020

Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses in South Africa, 2016-2017.

Abstract: Although West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic to South Africa (RSA), it has only become recognized as a significant cause of neurological disease in humans and horses locally in the past 2 decades, as it emerged globally. This article describes the epidemiological and clinical presentation of WNV in horses across RSA during 2016-2017. In total, 54 WNV-positive cases were identified by passive surveillance in horses with febrile and/or neurological signs at the Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria. They were followed up and compared to 120 randomly selected WNV-negative controls with the same case definition and during the same time period. Of the WNV-positive cases, 52% had fever, 92% displayed neurological signs, and 39% experienced mortality. Cases occurred mostly in WNV-unvaccinated horses <5 years old, during late summer and autumn after heavy rain, in the temperate to warm eastern parts of RSA. WNV-positive cases that had only neurological signs without fever were more likely to die. In the multivariable analysis, the odds of WNV infection were associated with season (late summer), higher altitude, more highly purebred animals, younger age, and failure to vaccinate against WNV. Vaccination is currently the most effective prophylactic measure to reduce WNV morbidity and mortality in horses.
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Publication Date: 2020-12-30 PubMed ID: 33396935PubMed Central: PMC7823741DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010020Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study examines the widespread presence and impact of West Nile virus (WNV) in horses across South Africa, taking into consideration aspects such as seasonality, equine age, breed, and the role of vaccination in mitigating WNV cases.

Overview of Methodology and Findings

  • The research was carried out in South Africa during the period of 2016-2017, focusing on horses that presented febrile and/or neurological symptoms — indicators of potential WNV infection.
  • Passive surveillance at the Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria helped in identifying 54 WNV-positive cases which then formed the basis of the research. These cases were compared with 120 randomly chosen WNV-negative control horses.
  • The study reported that out of all the WNV-positive cases, 52% presented with fever, 92% exhibited neurological symptoms, and there was a mortality rate of 39%.

Key Factors in WNV Infection

  • The research identified several factors that made the horses more susceptible to WNV. They included the animals being largely unvaccinated, less than 5 years old, the time of year being late summer or autumn following heavy rain, and geographic location — primarily the eastern parts of South Africa which have a temperate to warm climate.
  • Furthermore, it was observed that horses which displayed solely neurological symptoms (without fever) were more likely to succumb to the disease.

Association and Prevention

  • In a multivariable analysis, the odds of WNV infection were found to be associated with season (late summer), higher altitude, more highly purebred animals, younger age, and failure to vaccinate against WNV.
  • The study concludes by emphasizing the important role of vaccination as the most effective preventive measure to reduce both the cases, and the severity of WNV infection in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Bertram FM, Thompson PN, Venter M. (2020). Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses in South Africa, 2016-2017. Pathogens, 10(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010020

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
PII: 20

Researcher Affiliations

Bertram, Freude-Marié
  • Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa.
Thompson, Peter N
  • Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa.
Venter, Marietjie
  • Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.

Grant Funding

  • 81095 / National Research Foundation

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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