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Microorganisms2022; 10(8); 1499; doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10081499

Epidemiology and Traits of Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr) Gene-Bearing Organisms from Horses.

Abstract: Mobile colistin resistance () genes (-1 to -10) threaten the efficacy of colistin (COL), a polymyxin antibiotic that is used as a last-line agent for the treatment of deadly infections caused by multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria in humans and animals. COL has been used for more than 60 years for the prophylactic control and treatment of infections in livestock husbandry but not in horses. Polymyxin B is used for the prophylactic control and empirical treatment of infections in horses without conducting sensitivity tests. The lack of sensitivity testing exerts selection pressure for the acquisition of the gene. By horizontal transfer, -1, -5, and -9 have disseminated among horse populations globally and are harbored by , , , , and species. Conjugative plasmids, insertion sequences, and transposons are the backbone of genes in the isolates, which co-express genes conferring multi- to extensive-drug resistance, including genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamase, ampicillinase C, fosfomycin, and fluoroquinolone resistance, and virulence genes. The transmission of genes to/among bacterial strains of equine origin is non-clonal. Contact with horses, horse manure, feed/drinking water, farmers, farmers' clothing/farm equipment, the consumption of contaminated horse meat and its associated products, and the trading of horses, horse meat, and their associated products are routes for the transmission of -gene-bearing bacteria in, to, and from the equine industry.
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Publication Date: 2022-07-25 PubMed ID: 35893557PubMed Central: PMC9394310DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081499Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes in horses and identifies numerous ways in which these genes can spread both within and outside the equine industry. The study emphasizes the importance of sensitivity tests and reveals the potentially dangerous consequences of prolonged usage of polymyxin antibiotics in livestock.

Overview of the Research

  • The study focuses on mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, specifically mcr-1 to mcr-10, which can undermine the effectiveness of colistin (COL). COL is a polymyxin antibiotic widely used as a secondary means of treating severe infections caused by multiresistant bacteria in both humans and animals. The researchers note the spread of mcr genes in horse populations worldwide through horizontal gene transfer.
  • Despite COL’s prevalent use in livestock farming for over six decades, it has not been used in horses. Horses are instead treated with polymyxin B, often without sensitivity tests. This lack of sensitivity testing means there could be existing resistant strains, thereby increasing the chances of animals developing mcr genes.

Transmission of mcr genes

  • The study identifies various bacteria species, such as E.coli and K.pneumoniae, which carry mcr genes. It also highlights several means through which these genes can spread.
  • The mcr genes may spread through contact with horses, their manure, and feed or drinking water. Additionally, other potential routes include contact with individuals engaged in livestock farming, their clothes and equipment, and the consumption of contaminated horse meat and its products.
  • The researchers also point out that trade in horses, their meat, and associated products can contribute to the spread of mcr genes.

Resistance and Virulence Characteristics

  • The mcr genes identified in the research reside inside conjugative plasmids, insertion sequences, and transposons in isolates from horse-derived bacterial strains. Often, these genes coexist with other resistance and virulence genes including those responsible for resistance against extended-spectrum β-lactamase, ampicillinase C, fosfomycin, and fluoroquinolone.
  • The spread of mcr genes across bacterial strains of equine origin is non-clonal, meaning it is not restricted to a single lineage or strain but can occur across different strains.

Cite This Article

APA
Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Nwobi OC, Mgbeahuruike AC, Ikpendu CN, Okafor NA, Oguttu JW. (2022). Epidemiology and Traits of Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr) Gene-Bearing Organisms from Horses. Microorganisms, 10(8), 1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081499

Publication

Microorganisms
ISSN: 2076-2607
NlmUniqueID: 101625893
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 8
PII: 1499

Researcher Affiliations

Anyanwu, Madubuike Umunna
  • Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria.
Jaja, Ishmael Festus
  • Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa.
Nwobi, Obichukwu Chisom
  • Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria.
Mgbeahuruike, Anthony Christian
  • Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria.
Ikpendu, Chinaza Nnenna
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 440101, Nigeria.
Okafor, Nnenna Audrey
  • Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria.
Oguttu, James Wabwire
  • Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Okpala COR, Njoga EO, Okafor NA, Oguttu JW. Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr) Gene-Containing Organisms in Poultry Sector in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Epidemiology, Characteristics, and One Health Control Strategies.. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023 Jun 28;12(7).
    doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12071117pubmed: 37508213google scholar: lookup
  2. Nwobi OC, Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Nwankwo IO, Okolo CC, Nwobi CA, Ezenduka EV, Oguttu JW. Staphylococcus aureus in Horses in Nigeria: Occurrence, Antimicrobial, Methicillin and Heavy Metal Resistance and Virulence Potentials.. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023 Jan 24;12(2).
    doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12020242pubmed: 36830153google scholar: lookup
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