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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2025; 15(16); 2371; doi: 10.3390/ani15162371

Equine Asthma in a Comparative Perspective: Cardiovascular and Neurological Manifestations of Asthma Across Different Species.

Abstract: Asthma is a multifactorial respiratory disease that naturally occurs in horses, humans, and cats, presenting common clinical signs and species-specific mechanisms. This review addresses the impact of asthma on the cardiovascular and neurological systems, with a primary focus on horses. It highlights the need for new biomarkers beyond the respiratory system due to diagnostic difficulties in animals. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on cardiovascular and neurological manifestations of asthma in humans, horses, cats, and experimental animal models. Studies were qualitatively compared, noting species-specific differences and mechanisms. Humans with asthma show an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and elevated cardiac biomarkers during exacerbations, while horses develop pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling. Cats exhibit significant pulmonary vascular changes. Heart rate variability analysis reveals altered autonomic function in humans and horses. Increased peripheral airway innervation and cough reflex sensitivity are noted across species. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a crucial role in asthma pathophysiology in murine models. Asthma impacts the cardiovascular and nervous systems differently across species, emphasizing the importance of comparative medicine. Future research should integrate cardiovascular, autonomic, and inflammatory pathways to develop effective therapeutic approaches in human and veterinary medicine, leveraging insights from naturally occurring asthma models.
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Publication Date: 2025-08-12 PubMed ID: 40867700PubMed Central: PMC12383202DOI: 10.3390/ani15162371Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Equine asthma, similar to asthma in humans and cats, affects not only the respiratory system but also has significant cardiovascular and neurological effects. This research reviews these systemic impacts across species, emphasizing the importance of comparative studies to improve diagnosis and treatment.

Overview of Asthma Across Species

  • Asthma is a complex respiratory disease affecting multiple species including horses, humans, and cats.
  • While common clinical signs exist, underlying mechanisms show species-specific differences.
  • Focus on horses due to their naturally occurring asthma, which is a valuable model for comparative studies.

Cardiovascular Manifestations

  • Humans:
    • Increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in asthmatic patients.
    • During asthma exacerbations, elevated cardiac biomarkers indicate stress on the heart.
  • Horses:
    • Develop pulmonary hypertension, a condition of elevated blood pressure in lung arteries.
    • Structural changes in pulmonary vasculature (vascular remodeling) are evident.
  • Cats:
    • Exhibit significant pulmonary vascular changes similar to horses, indicating vascular involvement.
  • Experimental Models (Mice):
    • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) actively involved in asthma-related cardiovascular changes.

Neurological and Autonomic Nervous System Effects

  • Humans and Horses:
    • Heart rate variability analyses suggest altered autonomic nervous system function during asthma.
    • Indicates imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic control affecting cardiovascular health.
  • Across Species:
    • Increased peripheral airway innervation noted, which may contribute to asthma pathophysiology.
    • Heightened cough reflex sensitivity, a symptom reflecting neurological changes related to airway irritation.

Diagnostic Challenges and Biomarker Development

  • Current diagnosis in animals primarily focuses on respiratory system assessment, which may be insufficient or difficult.
  • Need for new biomarkers related to cardiovascular and neurological involvement to improve detection and monitoring.
  • Comparative approach aids in identifying relevant systemic markers usable across species.

Implications for Comparative Medicine

  • Understanding species-specific differences enhances the appreciation of how asthma impacts whole-body health.
  • Comparative studies allow leveraging naturally occurring asthma in animals (notably horses) to glean insights relevant to human asthma.
  • Integration of cardiovascular, autonomic, and inflammatory pathway knowledge is crucial for novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Cross-species models facilitate translational research benefiting both veterinary and human medical fields.

Future Directions and Recommendations

  • Further research needed to develop and validate non-respiratory biomarkers for asthma diagnostics.
  • Studies should aim to characterize the interplay between the respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems in asthma comprehensively.
  • Incorporate autonomic nervous system assessments, such as heart rate variability, into routine evaluations.
  • Refine animal models to simulate human asthma more effectively, supporting drug development and therapeutic innovation.
  • Enhance multidisciplinary collaborations among veterinarians, physicians, and researchers to deepen understanding and improve care.

Cite This Article

APA
Dlugopolska D, Siwinska N, Noszczyk-Nowak A. (2025). Equine Asthma in a Comparative Perspective: Cardiovascular and Neurological Manifestations of Asthma Across Different Species. Animals (Basel), 15(16), 2371. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162371

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 16
PII: 2371

Researcher Affiliations

Dlugopolska, Dorota
  • Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki sq 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland.
Siwinska, Natalia
  • Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki sq 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland.
Noszczyk-Nowak, Agnieszka
  • Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki sq 47, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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