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Equine veterinary education2024; 36(10); 543-554; doi: 10.1111/eve.13948

Equine common variable immunodeficiency: lessons from 100 clinical cases.

Abstract: The clinical manifestation of recurrent fevers and infections alerts the clinician to the possibility of an underlying immunodeficiency. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) in the horse is a rare late-onset, non-familial immunologic disorder of B cell depletion and/or dysfunction with resultant inadequate antibody production. The most common clinical presentations in horses with CVID are recurrent upper and/or lower respiratory infections, meningitis and/or ataxia, cholangiohepatitis, infectious colitis, infectious dermatitis, and severe gastrointestinal parasitism. Immune-mediated and lymphoproliferative conditions are additional clinical features. The diagnosis of CVID in horses is based on persistent hypogammaglobulinemia primarily caused by a serum IgG concentration below 10.00 g/L in at least 2 different measurements, often accompanied by a serum IgM concentration below 0.50 g/L. Most horses with CVID show a persistent peripheral blood B cell distribution below 6% of total circulating lymphocytes, indicating severe B cell paucity or depletion, but the B cell distribution can be within the normal reference interval. Post-mortem findings add diagnostic information about the distribution of B and T cells in lymphoid tissues. Clinical management of horses with immunodeficiency is intense and expensive, and these factors weigh on the difficult decision of elective euthanasia. To date, no genetic mutation has been identified in horse patients with CVID, and the large number of breeds of single-affected individuals in a same herd or immediate lineage from various parts of the U.S. and the world do not point at an obvious inheritable mechanism of disease or environmental risk factors. This article describes the clinical and immunological findings in 100 cases, and comparisons with the disease in human patients.
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Publication Date: 2024-01-31 PubMed ID: 39555145PubMed Central: PMC11565712DOI: 10.1111/eve.13948Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The article examines the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) in horses. This rare disorder in horses impacts the B cells and can lead to recurrent infections and other clinical conditions due to inadequate antibody production.

Clinical Manifestation

  • The common signs of CVID in horses include recurring instances of respiratory infections, meningitis, ataxia (loss of control over bodily movements), cholangiohepatitis (inflammation of the liver and bile ducts), infectious dermatitis (skin inflammation), and severe gastrointestinal parasitism.
  • Some horses with CVID also present with immune-mediated and lymphoproliferative conditions.

Diagnosis

  • Diagnosis of CVID in horses is generally based on persistent hypogammaglobulinemia, primarily caused by serum IgG concentration below 10.00 g/L in at least two different measurements, often accompanied by a serum IgM concentration below 0.50 g/L.
  • Most CVID-afflicted horses show peripheral blood B cell distribution below 6% of total circulating lymphocytes, indicating severe B cell paucity or depletion. However, B cell distribution can be within the normal range.
  • Post-mortem analysis can also provide crucial information about the distribution of B and T cells in lymphoid tissues.

Treatment and Management

  • The clinical management of horses with CVID is intense and expensive.
  • Due to the associated costs and medical intensity, decisions such as elective euthanasia can be difficult.

Genetic Factors

  • Despite thorough investigations, no genetic mutation has been identified in horses with CVID.
  • The widespread representation of the disease across various breeds and geographical locations does not indicate an obvious hereditary transmission or environmental risk factors.

The study presents findings from 100 clinical cases of equine CVID and compares them to similar cases in human patients to expand the understanding of the disease.

Cite This Article

APA
Julia M, Felippe B. (2024). Equine common variable immunodeficiency: lessons from 100 clinical cases. Equine Vet Educ, 36(10), 543-554. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13948

Publication

Equine veterinary education
ISSN: 0957-7734
NlmUniqueID: 9885274
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 36
Issue: 10
Pages: 543-554

Researcher Affiliations

Julia, M
  • Equine Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Felippe, B
  • Equine Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

Grant Funding

  • DP2 OD007216 / NIH HHS

Conflict of Interest Statement

Conflict of interest statement M.J.B. Felippe is the head of the Equine Immunology Laboratory, a not-for-profit research laboratory that provides immunologic testing for horses with suspected immunodeficiencies.

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