FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Parasit Vectors / Equine cyathostomins: a review of biology, clinical signific...
Parasites & vectors2009; 2 Suppl 2(Suppl 2); S1; doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-2-S2-S1

Equine cyathostomins: a review of biology, clinical significance and therapy.

Abstract: The small strongyles of horses, also known as cyathostomins, are considered the most prevalent and pathogenic parasites of horses today. The clinical syndrome of larval cyathostominosis which occurs as a result of mass emergence of inhibited stages has a high fatality rate despite the best standard of care given to affected horses. Management of the challenge level of cyathostomins to prevent the syndrome is preferable. Many different management programmes have been tried over the past two decades, with mixed success. Programmes have relied heavily on repeated use of anthelmintic treatments throughout the life of a horse. The widespread incidence of resistance to certain anthelmintics is reducing these options. An understanding of the biology of cyathostomins, risk factors for infection and appropriate strategic use of still effective anthelmintics is essential for the future management of this parasite group. This review highlights the necessity to use currently available anthelmintics that are appropriately suited to the biology of cyathostomins, and to maintain heir efficacy through an appropriate treatment strategy.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2009-09-25 PubMed ID: 19778462PubMed Central: PMC2751837DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-2-S2-S1Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The paper primarily discusses the biology, clinical significance, and therapeutic strategies for cyathostomins, a highly prevalent parasite group affecting horses. The writers also underscore the urgent need for suitable treatment strategies against the growing resistance to existing anthelmintic treatments.

Biology and Clinical Significance of Cyathostomins

  • The research focuses on a particular type of parasite affecting horses, called cyathostomins, also known as small strongyles. These parasites are highly prevalent and destructive, leading to a clinical syndrome known as larval cyathostominosis in horses.
  • This syndrome occurs due to the mass emergence of inhibited parasite stages, leading to a high fatality rate among affected horses even with the best available care.

Challenges with Existing Treatment Strategies

  • The paper reveals that multiple treatment strategies and management programs have been implemented over the past two decades to deal with cyathostomins, but with varied success.
  • These treatment strategies heavily depend on the repeated use of anthelmintic treatments throughout the lifespan of the horse. However, the extensive occurrence of resistance to these anthelmintics is limiting the otherwise effective treatment options.

The Need for Suitable Treatment Approaches

  • The study emphasizes an understanding of cyathostomins’ biology, the risk factors for infection, and the strategic use of effective anthelmintics as key elements for managing this parasite group in the future.
  • The researchers underline the urgency to use the existing anthelmintics that are adequately suited to cyathostomins’ biology and to uphold their effectiveness through a suitable treatment roadmap.

Cite This Article

APA
Corning S. (2009). Equine cyathostomins: a review of biology, clinical significance and therapy. Parasit Vectors, 2 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-2-S2-S1

Publication

Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
NlmUniqueID: 101462774
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 2 Suppl 2
Issue: Suppl 2
Pages: S1

Researcher Affiliations

Corning, Susan
  • Fort Dodge Animal Health Italy, Via G, Amendola, 8, 40121 Bologna, Italy. cornins@fdah.com.

References

This article includes 77 references
  1. Lyons ET, Tolliver SC, Drudge JH. Historical perspective of cyathostomes: prevalence, treatment and control programs.. Vet Parasitol 1999 Aug 31;85(2-3):97-111; discussion 111-2, 215-25.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00091-6pubmed: 10485357google scholar: lookup
  2. Smets K, Shaw DJ, Deprez P, Vercruysse J. Diagnosis of larval cyathostominosis in horses in Belgium.. Vet Rec 1999 Jun 12;144(24):665-8.
    pubmed: 10404605doi: 10.1136/vr.144.24.665google scholar: lookup
  3. Mfitilodze MW, Hutchinson GW. Prevalence and abundance of equine strongyles (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) in tropical Australia.. J Parasitol 1990 Aug;76(4):487-94.
    doi: 10.2307/3282826pubmed: 2380857google scholar: lookup
  4. Proudman CJ, Matthews JB. Control of Intestinal Parasites in Horses. In Practice 2000;22:90–97.
  5. Collobert-Laugier C, Hoste H, Sevin C, Dorchies P. Prevalence, abundance and site distribution of equine small strongyles in Normandy, France.. Vet Parasitol 2002 Dec 11;110(1-2):77-83.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00328-Xpubmed: 12446091google scholar: lookup
  6. Love S, Murphy D, Mellor D. Pathogenicity of cyathostome infection.. Vet Parasitol 1999 Aug 31;85(2-3):113-21; discussion 121-2, 215-25.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00092-8pubmed: 10485358google scholar: lookup
  7. Souto-Maior M, Alves L, Mota R, Carvalho G, Junior, Barbosa C. AAVP Proceedings 45th Annual Meeting. p. 36.
  8. Herd R. The changing world of worms: The rise of the cyathostomes and the decline of Strongylus vulgaris. The Compendium for Continuing Education of the Practicing Veterinarian - Equine 1990. pp. 732–736.
  9. Bucknell DG, Gasser RB, Beveridge I. The prevalence and epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites of horses in Victoria, Australia.. Int J Parasitol 1995 Jun;25(6):711-24.
    doi: 10.1016/0020-7519(94)00214-9pubmed: 7657457google scholar: lookup
  10. Osterman Lind E, Höglund J, Ljungström BL, Nilsson O, Uggla A. A field survey on the distribution of strongyle infections of horses in Sweden and factors affecting faecal egg counts.. Equine Vet J 1999 Jan;31(1):68-72.
    pubmed: 9952332doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03793.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  11. Peregrine AS, McEwen B, Bienzle D, Koch TG, Weese JS. Larval cyathostominosis in horses in Ontario: an emerging disease?. Can Vet J 2006 Jan;47(1):80-2.
    pmc: PMC1316126pubmed: 16536234
  12. Chapman MR, French DD, Klei TR. Gastrointestinal helminths of ponies in Louisiana: a comparison of species currently prevalent with those present 20 years ago.. J Parasitol 2002 Dec;88(6):1130-4.
    doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1130:GHOPIL]2.0.CO;2pubmed: 12537106google scholar: lookup
  13. Lyons ET, Swerczek TW, Tolliver SC, Bair HD, Drudge JH, Ennis LE. Prevalence of selected species of internal parasites in equids at necropsy in central Kentucky (1995-1999).. Vet Parasitol 2000 Sep 10;92(1):51-62.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00266-1pubmed: 10936545google scholar: lookup
  14. Love S, Duncan J. Development of cyathostome infection of helminth naïve foals. Equine Vet J 1992. pp. 93–98.
  15. Baudena MA, Chapman MR, French DD, Klei TR. Seasonal development and survival of equine cyathostome larvae on pasture in south Louisiana.. Vet Parasitol 2000 Feb 29;88(1-2):51-60.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00198-3pubmed: 10681022google scholar: lookup
  16. von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, von Witzendorff C, Sievers G, Schnieder T. Comparative use of faecal egg count reduction test, egg hatch assay and beta-tubulin codon 200 genotyping in small strongyles (cyathostominae) before and after benzimidazole treatment.. Vet Parasitol 2002 Sep 26;108(3):227-35.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00197-8pubmed: 12237141google scholar: lookup
  17. Traversa D, Iorio R, Klei TR, Kharchenko VA, Gawor J, Otranto D, Sparagano OA. New method for simultaneous species-specific identification of equine strongyles (nematoda, strongylida) by reverse line blot hybridization.. J Clin Microbiol 2007 Sep;45(9):2937-42.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00714-07pmc: PMC2045237pubmed: 17626168google scholar: lookup
  18. Dvojnos GM, Harcenko VA. Morphology and differential diagnostics of parasitic larvae of some Strongylidae (Nematoda) of horses.. Angew Parasitol 1990 Feb;31(1):15-28.
    pubmed: 2337250
  19. Reinemeyer CR, Herd RP, Gabel AA. Distribution of adult and larval cyathostomes in helminth-naive foals after primary infection.. Equine Vet J 1988 Jul;20(4):296-7.
    pubmed: 3168991doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01528.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  20. Kuzmina TA, Kharchenko VA, Starovir AI, Dvojnos GM. Analysis of the strongylid nematodes (Nematoda: Strongylidae) community after deworming of brood horses in Ukraine.. Vet Parasitol 2005 Aug 10;131(3-4):283-90.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.010pubmed: 15979240google scholar: lookup
  21. Abbott E. Larval cyathostomosis: The disease, its diagnosis and treatment. Equine Practice 1998;20:6–7.
  22. Giles CJ, Urquhart KA, Longstaffe JA. Larval cyathostomiasis (immature trichonema-induced enteropathy): a report of 15 clinical cases.. Equine Vet J 1985 May;17(3):196-201.
    pubmed: 4076127doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02469.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  23. Love S. Parasite-associated equine diarrhea. The Compendium 1992;14:642–648.
  24. Lyons E, Swerczek T, Tolliver S, Drudge J, Stamper S, Grandstrom D, Holland R. A study of natural infections of encysted small strongyles in a horse herd in Kentucky. Vet Med 1994. pp. 1146–1155.
  25. Mair TS. Outbreak of larval cyathostomiasis among a group of yearling and two-year-old horses.. Vet Rec 1994 Dec 17;135(25):598-600.
    pubmed: 7900244
  26. Mair TS, Pearson GR. Multifocal non-strangulating intestinal infarction associated with larval cyathostomiasis in a pony.. Equine Vet J 1995 Mar;27(2):154-5.
    pubmed: 7607151doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1995.tb03054.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  27. Matthews AG, Morris JR. Cyathostomiasis in horses.. Vet Rec 1995 Jan 14;136(2):52.
    pubmed: 7709578doi: 10.1136/vr.136.2.52-bgoogle scholar: lookup
  28. Reilly GA, Cassidy JP, Taylor SM. Two fatal cases of diarrhoea in horses associated with larvae of the small strongyles.. Vet Rec 1993 Mar 13;132(11):267-8.
    pubmed: 8465502doi: 10.1136/vr.132.11.267google scholar: lookup
  29. Vitellozzi G, Fioretti D. Gross and histopathological findings in the large intestine of healthy slaughter horses and their correlation with cyathostome infection. Acta Medica Veterinaria 1991;37:159–170.
  30. Chapman MR, French DD, Taylor HW, Klei TR. One season of pasture exposure fails to induce a protective resistance to cyathostomes but increases numbers of hypobiotic third-stage larvae.. J Parasitol 2002 Aug;88(4):678-83.
    doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0678:OSOPEF]2.0.CO;2pubmed: 12197113google scholar: lookup
  31. Jasko DJ, Roth L. Granulomatous colitis associated with small strongyle larvae in a horse.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984 Sep 1;185(5):553-4.
    pubmed: 6480477
  32. Kelly J, Fogarty U. Outbreak of larval cyathostomiasis on a thoroughbred stud farm. Irish Veterinary Journal 1993;46:133–136.
  33. Love S, Mair TS, Hillyer MH. Chronic diarrhoea in adult horses: a review of 51 referred cases.. Vet Rec 1992 Mar 14;130(11):217-9.
    pubmed: 1566533doi: 10.1136/vr.130.11.217google scholar: lookup
  34. Love S, Escala J, Duncan J, McLean J. Studies on the pathogenic effects of experimental cyathostome infections in ponies. Proceedings of Sixth International Conference, Equine Infectious Diseases 1991. pp. 149–155.
  35. Smets K, Shaw DJ, Deprez P, Vercruysse J. Diagnosis of larval cyathostominosis in horses in Belgium.. Vet Rec 1999 Jun 12;144(24):665-8.
    pubmed: 10404605doi: 10.1136/vr.144.24.665google scholar: lookup
  36. Herd RP, Gabel AA. Reduced efficacy of anthelmintics in young compared with adult horses.. Equine Vet J 1990 May;22(3):164-9.
    pubmed: 2361501doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04237.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  37. Matthee S. Anthelmintic treatment in horses: the extra-label use of products and the danger of under-dosing.. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2003 Jun;74(2):53-6.
    pubmed: 12967052doi: 10.4102/jsava.v74i2.505google scholar: lookup
  38. Paul J. Optimal internal parasite control for horses with emphasis on larval cyathostomosis. Large Animal Practice 1999;20:33–36.
  39. Reinemeyer C. Equine small strongyles: Unanswered questions. The Compendium - Equine Forum 1992. pp. 816–819.
  40. Heile C, Schein E. parasite control in horses: an overview, Part 1, endoparasites. Praktische Tierartz 2004;85J:890–897.
  41. Herd R. Equine parasite control - problems associated with intensive anthelmintic therapy. Equine Veterinary Education 1990;2:41–47.
  42. Hutchens DE, Paul AJ, DiPietro JA. Treatment and control of gastrointestinal parasites.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1999 Dec;15(3):561-73, viii.
    pubmed: 10589467doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30132-3google scholar: lookup
  43. Uhlinger C. Equine small strongyles: Epidemiology, pathology and control. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 1991;13:863.
  44. Monahan CJ. Anthelmintic Control Strategies for Horses. International veterinary Information Service 2000.
  45. Varady M, Konigova A, Corba J. A field study to evaluate the efficacy of fenbendazole on 9 stud farms. Veterinarni Medicina 2004;49:42–46.
  46. Collobert C, Bernard N, Clement F, Hubert J, Kerboeuf D, Flochlay A, Blond Riou F. Efficacy of oral moxidectin gel against benzimidazole-resistant cyathostomes in horses both naturally and artificially infected with a field population. J Equine Vet Science 1998;18:9588–9590.
  47. Eysker M, Boersema JH, Kooyman FN. Effect of repeated oxfendazole treatments on small strongyle infections in Shetland ponies.. Res Vet Sci 1989 May;46(3):409-12.
    pubmed: 2740634
  48. Rolfe PF, Dawson KL. The efficacy of a combination anthelmintic against oxibendazole resistant small strongyles, large strongyles and ascarids in horses.. Aust Vet J 1994 Sep;71(9):304-6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1994.tb03453.xpubmed: 7818443google scholar: lookup
  49. Schillinger D, Hasslinger M. Benzimidazole resistance in small strongyles of horses - occurrence in Germany and strategies for avoiding resistance. Rev Med Vet 1994;145:119–124.
  50. Lloyd S, Smith J, Connan RM, Hatcher MA, Hedges TR, Humphrey DJ, Jones AC. Parasite control methods used by horse owners: factors predisposing to the development of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes.. Vet Rec 2000 Apr 22;146(17):487-92.
    pubmed: 10887995doi: 10.1136/vr.146.17.487google scholar: lookup
  51. Lendal S, Larsen MM, Bjørn H, Craven J, Chriél M, Olsen SN. A questionnaire survey on nematode control practices on horse farms in Denmark and the existence of risk factors for the development of anthelmintic resistance.. Vet Parasitol 1998 Jul 17;78(1):49-63.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00117-4pubmed: 9703619google scholar: lookup
  52. Herd RP, Majewski GA. Comparison of daily and monthly pyrantel treatment in yearling thoroughbreds and the protective effect of strategic medication of mares on their foals.. Vet Parasitol 1994 Oct;55(1-2):93-104.
    doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(94)90059-0pubmed: 7886924google scholar: lookup
  53. Slocombe JO, de Gannes RV. Cyathostomes in horses in Canada resistant to pyrantel salts and effectively removed by moxidectin.. Vet Parasitol 2006 Aug 31;140(1-2):181-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.019pubmed: 16682123google scholar: lookup
  54. Monahan CM, Chapman MR, Taylor HW, French DD, Klei TR. Experimental cyathostome challenge of ponies maintained with or without benefit of daily pyrantel tartrate feed additive: comparison of parasite burdens, immunity and colonic pathology.. Vet Parasitol 1998 Jan 31;74(2-4):229-41.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00095-2pubmed: 9561709google scholar: lookup
  55. Monahan CM, Chapman MR, Taylor HW, French DD, Klei TR. Foals raised on pasture with or without daily pyrantel tartrate feed additive: comparison of parasite burdens and host responses following experimental challenge with large and small strongyle larvae.. Vet Parasitol 1997 Dec 31;73(3-4):277-89.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00096-4pubmed: 9477514google scholar: lookup
  56. Osterman E, Nilsson O, Hoglund J, Uggla A. Treatment intervals for ivermectin and pyrantel: Treatment of strongylids in horses. Svensk Veterinartidning 1996;48:281–284.
  57. Taylor SM, Kenny J. Comparison of moxidectin with ivermectin and pyrantel embonate for reduction of faecal egg counts in horses.. Vet Rec 1995 Nov 11;137(20):516-8.
    pubmed: 8588278doi: 10.1136/vr.137.20.516google scholar: lookup
  58. Boersema JH, Borgsteede FH, Eysker M, Elema TE, Gaasenbeek CP, van der Burg WP. The prevalence of anthelmintic resistance of horse strongyles in The Netherlands.. Vet Q 1991 Oct;13(4):209-17.
    pubmed: 1776235doi: 10.1080/01652176.1991.9694310google scholar: lookup
  59. Fisher MA, Jacobs DE, Grimshaw WT, Gibbons LM. Prevalence of benzimidazole-resistance in equine cyathostome populations in south east England.. Vet Rec 1992 Apr 11;130(15):315-8.
    pubmed: 1595158doi: 10.1136/vr.130.15.315google scholar: lookup
  60. Herd RP, Coles GC. Slowing the spread of anthelmintic resistant nematodes of horses in the United Kingdom.. Vet Rec 1995 May 13;136(19):481-5.
    pubmed: 7645183doi: 10.1136/vr.136.19.481google scholar: lookup
  61. Kaplan RM. Anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of horses.. Vet Res 2002 Sep-Oct;33(5):491-507.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres:2002035pubmed: 12387486google scholar: lookup
  62. Reinemeyer C, Farley A. Comparison of cyathostome control and selection for benzimidazole resistance using moxidectin gel or Panacur Powerpac paste. AAVP Proceedings, 47th Annual Meeting 2002.
  63. Eysker M, Boersema JH, Kooyman FN. The effect of ivermectin treatment against inhibited early third stage, late third stage and fourth stage larvae and adult stages of the cyathostomes in Shetland ponies and spontaneous expulsion of these helminths.. Vet Parasitol 1992 May;42(3-4):295-302.
    doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(92)90071-Gpubmed: 1496789google scholar: lookup
  64. Xiao L, Herd RP, Majewski GA. Comparative efficacy of moxidectin and ivermectin against hypobiotic and encysted cyathostomes and other equine parasites.. Vet Parasitol 1994 May;53(1-2):83-90.
    doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(94)90020-5pubmed: 8091622google scholar: lookup
  65. Monahan CM, Chapman MR, Taylor HW, French DD, Klei TR. Comparison of moxidectin oral gel and ivermectin oral paste against a spectrum of internal parasites of ponies with special attention to encysted cyathostome larvae.. Vet Parasitol 1996 Jun;63(3-4):225-35.
    doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(95)00910-8pubmed: 8966989google scholar: lookup
  66. Bello T, Lanigan J. A controlled trial evaluation of three oral dosages of moxidectin against equine parasites. J Equine Vet Sci 1994;4:483–488.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81977-5google scholar: lookup
  67. Vercruysse J, Eysker M, Demeulenaere D, Smets K, Dorny P. Persistence of the efficacy of a moxidectin gel on the establishment of cyathostominae in horses.. Vet Rec 1998 Sep 12;143(11):307-9.
    pubmed: 9789349doi: 10.1136/vr.143.11.307google scholar: lookup
  68. Corba J, Praslicka J, Varady M, Andrasko H, Holakovsky P. Efficacy of moxidectin 2% equine gel and EQVALAN 1% paste against parasitic nematodes of horses. Helminthologia 1995;32:215–218.
  69. Costa A, Barbosa O. Comparative efficacy of moxidectin gel and ivermectin paste against parasitic nematodes of horses. Rev Bras Parasitol 1995;4:114.
  70. Costa AJ, Barbosa OF, Moraes FR, Acuña AH, Rocha UF, Soares VE, Paullilo AC, Sanches A. Comparative efficacy evaluation of moxidectin gel and ivermectin paste against internal parasites of equines in Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 1998 Dec 15;80(1):29-36.
    doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00186-1pubmed: 9877068google scholar: lookup
  71. Jacobs DE, Hutchinson MJ, Parker L, Gibbons LM. Equine cyathostome infection: suppression of faecal egg output with moxidectin.. Vet Rec 1995 Nov 18;137(21):545.
    pubmed: 8592818doi: 10.1136/vr.137.21.545google scholar: lookup
  72. Schumacher J, Taintor J. A review of the use of moxidectin in horses. EquineVet Educ 2008;20:546–551.
    doi: 10.2746/095777308X356956google scholar: lookup
  73. Solari Basano F, Chierichetti N, Genchi C. Use of moxidectin and ivermectin in cyathostominae yearly control plan. Comparison of efficacy and persistency in naturally infected horses. Parassitologia 1998;40:168.
  74. Slocombe O, Lake M. Return of strongyle eggs in feces of equids in Ontario after treatment with moxidectin or ivermectin. Proceedings AAVP 1996. Abstract #31.
  75. Zeeuw G, Hasslinger M. Vergleichende untersuchungen zu eizahlreduktion und behandlungs - interval bei endo-parasiten des pferdes. Der Praktische Tierarzt 1997;78:857–864.
  76. Eysker M, Boersema JH, Kooyman FN. Emergence from inhibited development of cyathostome larvae in ponies following failure to remove them by repeated treatments with benzimidazole compounds.. Vet Parasitol 1989 Nov;34(1-2):87-93.
    doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(89)90168-4pubmed: 2588473google scholar: lookup
  77. Steinbach T, Bauer C, Sasse H, Baumgärtner W, Rey-Moreno C, Hermosilla C, Damriyasa IM, Zahner H. Small strongyle infection: consequences of larvicidal treatment of horses with fenbendazole and moxidectin.. Vet Parasitol 2006 Jun 30;139(1-3):115-31.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.028pubmed: 16675126google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 56 times.
  1. Elghandour MMMY, Maggiolino A, Vázquez-Mendoza P, Alvarado-Ramírez ER, Cedillo-Monroy J, De Palo P, Salem AZM. Moringa oleifera as a Natural Alternative for the Control of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Equines: A Review. Plants (Basel) 2023 May 8;12(9).
    doi: 10.3390/plants12091921pubmed: 37176979google scholar: lookup
  2. Boelow H, Krücken J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Epidemiological study on factors influencing the occurrence of helminth eggs in horses in Germany based on sent-in diagnostic samples. Parasitol Res 2023 Mar;122(3):749-767.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-022-07765-4pubmed: 36627515google scholar: lookup
  3. Fesseha H, Aliye S, Mathewos M, Nigusie K. Prevalence and risk factors associated with donkey gastrointestinal parasites in Shashemane and Suburbs, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Heliyon 2022 Dec;8(12):e12244.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12244pubmed: 36578399google scholar: lookup
  4. Harvey AM, Ramp D, Mellor DJ. Review of the Foundational Knowledge Required for Assessing Horse Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2022 Dec 1;12(23).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12233385pubmed: 36496906google scholar: lookup
  5. Osterman-Lind E, Hedberg Alm Y, Hassler H, Wilderoth H, Thorolfson H, Tydén E. Evaluation of Strategies to Reduce Equine Strongyle Infective Larvae on Pasture and Study of Larval Migration and Overwintering in a Nordic Climate. Animals (Basel) 2022 Nov 10;12(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12223093pubmed: 36428321google scholar: lookup
  6. Jürgenschellert L, Krücken J, Bousquet E, Bartz J, Heyer N, Nielsen MK, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Occurrence of Strongylid Nematode Parasites on Horse Farms in Berlin and Brandenburg, Germany, With High Seroprevalence of Strongylus vulgaris Infection. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:892920.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.892920pubmed: 35754549google scholar: lookup
  7. Gao Y, Zhang Z, Wang C, Zhao K. The Mitochondrial Genome of Cylicocyclus elongatus (Strongylida: Strongylidae) and Its Comparative Analysis with Other Cylicocyclus Species. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jun 17;12(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12121571pubmed: 35739907google scholar: lookup
  8. Boelow H, Krücken J, Thomas E, Mirams G, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Comparison of FECPAK(G2), a modified Mini-FLOTAC technique and combined sedimentation and flotation for the coproscopic examination of helminth eggs in horses. Parasit Vectors 2022 May 12;15(1):166.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05266-ypubmed: 35549990google scholar: lookup
  9. Titcomb GC, Pansu J, Hutchinson MC, Tombak KJ, Hansen CB, Baker CCM, Kartzinel TR, Young HS, Pringle RM. Large-herbivore nemabiomes: patterns of parasite diversity and sharing. Proc Biol Sci 2022 May 11;289(1974):20212702.
    doi: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2702pubmed: 35538775google scholar: lookup
  10. Grimm P, Laroche N, Julliand S, Sorci G. Inclusion of Sainfoin in the Diet Might Alter Strongyle Infection in Naturally Infected Horses. Animals (Basel) 2022 Apr 7;12(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12080955pubmed: 35454202google scholar: lookup
  11. Ghafar A, Abbas G, King J, Jacobson C, Hughes KJ, El-Hage C, Beasley A, Bauquier J, Wilkes EJA, Hurley J, Cudmore L, Carrigan P, Tennent-Brown B, Nielsen MK, Gauci CG, Beveridge I, Jabbar A. Comparative studies on faecal egg counting techniques used for the detection of gastrointestinal parasites of equines: A systematic review. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis 2021;1:100046.
    doi: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100046pubmed: 35284858google scholar: lookup
  12. Abbas G, Ghafar A, Hurley J, Bauquier J, Beasley A, Wilkes EJA, Jacobson C, El-Hage C, Cudmore L, Carrigan P, Tennent-Brown B, Gauci CG, Nielsen MK, Hughes KJ, Beveridge I, Jabbar A. Cyathostomin resistance to moxidectin and combinations of anthelmintics in Australian horses. Parasit Vectors 2021 Dec 4;14(1):597.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-05103-8pubmed: 34863271google scholar: lookup
  13. Živković S, Pavlović I, Mijatović B, Trailović I, Trailović D. Prevalence, Intensity and Risks Involved in Helminth Infections in Domestic Mountain Pony and Balkan Donkey in Nature Park Stara Planina, Serbia. Iran J Parasitol 2021 Apr-Jun;16(2):318-326.
    doi: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i2.6283pubmed: 34557248google scholar: lookup
  14. Johnson ACB, Biddle AS. The Use of Molecular Profiling to Track Equine Reinfection Rates of Cyathostomin Species Following Anthelmintic Administration. Animals (Basel) 2021 May 9;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11051345pubmed: 34065099google scholar: lookup
  15. Louro M, Kuzmina TA, Bredtmann CM, Diekmann I, de Carvalho LMM, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krücken J. Genetic variability, cryptic species and phylogenetic relationship of six cyathostomin species based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Sci Rep 2021 Apr 15;11(1):8245.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87500-8pubmed: 33859247google scholar: lookup
  16. Zanet S, Battisti E, Labate F, Oberto F, Ferroglio E. Reduced Efficacy of Fenbendazole and Pyrantel Pamoate Treatments against Intestinal Nematodes of Stud and Performance Horses. Vet Sci 2021 Mar 5;8(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci8030042pubmed: 33807857google scholar: lookup
  17. Flota-Burgos GJ, Rosado-Aguilar JA, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Borges-Argáez R, Martínez-Ortiz-de-Montellano C, Gamboa-Angulo M. Anthelmintic Activity of Extracts and Active Compounds From Diospyros anisandra on Ancylostoma caninum, Haemonchus placei and Cyathostomins. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:565103.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.565103pubmed: 33173794google scholar: lookup
  18. Gehlen H, Wulke N, Ertelt A, Nielsen MK, Morelli S, Traversa D, Merle R, Wilson D, Samson-Himmelstjerna GV. Comparative Analysis of Intestinal Helminth Infections in Colic and Non-Colic Control Equine Patients. Animals (Basel) 2020 Oct 19;10(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10101916pubmed: 33086590google scholar: lookup
  19. Seeber PA, Kuzmina TA, Greenwood AD, East ML. Effects of life history stage and climatic conditions on fecal egg counts in plains zebras (Equus quagga) in the Serengeti National Park. Parasitol Res 2020 Oct;119(10):3401-3413.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-020-06836-8pubmed: 32780185google scholar: lookup
  20. Tyson F, Dalesman S, Brophy PM, Morphew RM. Novel Equine Faecal Egg Diagnostics: Validation of the FECPAK(G2). Animals (Basel) 2020 Jul 23;10(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10081254pubmed: 32717982google scholar: lookup
  21. Tombak KJ, Budischak SA, Hauck S, Martinez LA, Rubenstein DI. The non-invasive measurement of faecal immunoglobulin in African equids. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020 Aug;12:105-112.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.05.005pubmed: 32528845google scholar: lookup
  22. Saeed MA, Beveridge I, Abbas G, Beasley A, Bauquier J, Wilkes E, Jacobson C, Hughes KJ, El-Hage C, O'Handley R, Hurley J, Cudmore L, Carrigan P, Walter L, Tennent-Brown B, Nielsen MK, Jabbar A. Systematic review of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses from Australia. Parasit Vectors 2019 Apr 29;12(1):188.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3445-4pubmed: 31036059google scholar: lookup
  23. Palomero AM, Hernández JA, Cazapal-Monteiro CF, Balán FA, Silva MI, Paz-Silva A, Sánchez-Andrade R, Vázquez MSA. Implementation of Biological Control to the Integrated Control of Strongyle Infection among Wild Captive Equids in a Zoological Park. Biomed Res Int 2018;2018:4267683.
    doi: 10.1155/2018/4267683pubmed: 29984232google scholar: lookup
  24. Hernández JÁ, Sánchez-Andrade R, Cazapal-Monteiro CF, Arroyo FL, Sanchís JM, Paz-Silva A, Arias MS. A combined effort to avoid strongyle infection in horses in an oceanic climate region: rotational grazing and parasiticidal fungi. Parasit Vectors 2018 Apr 12;11(1):240.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2827-3pubmed: 29650055google scholar: lookup
  25. Clark A, Sallé G, Ballan V, Reigner F, Meynadier A, Cortet J, Koch C, Riou M, Blanchard A, Mach N. Strongyle Infection and Gut Microbiota: Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Horses Over a Grazing Season. Front Physiol 2018;9:272.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00272pubmed: 29618989google scholar: lookup
  26. Hernández JA, Vázquez-Ruiz RA, Cazapal-Monteiro CF, Valderrábano E, Arroyo FL, Francisco I, Miguélez S, Sánchez-Andrade R, Paz-Silva A, Arias MS. Isolation of Ovicidal Fungi from Fecal Samples of Captive Animals Maintained in a Zoological Park. J Fungi (Basel) 2017 Jun 2;3(2).
    doi: 10.3390/jof3020029pubmed: 29371547google scholar: lookup
  27. Molena RA, Peachey LE, Di Cesare A, Traversa D, Cantacessi C. Cyathostomine egg reappearance period following ivermectin treatment in a cohort of UK Thoroughbreds. Parasit Vectors 2018 Jan 25;11(1):61.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2638-6pubmed: 29370872google scholar: lookup
  28. Sallé G, Cortet J, Bois I, Dubès C, Guyot-Sionest Q, Larrieu C, Landrin V, Majorel G, Wittreck S, Woringer E, Couroucé A, Guillot J, Jacquiet P, Guégnard F, Blanchard A, Leblond A. Risk factor analysis of equine strongyle resistance to anthelmintics. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2017 Dec;7(3):407-415.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.10.007pubmed: 29149701google scholar: lookup
  29. Zakrajsek E. Unusual presentation of cyathostomiasis in an adult Thoroughbred mare. Can Vet J 2017 Nov;58(11):1221-1223.
    pubmed: 29089663
  30. Gao Y, Zhang Y, Yang X, Qiu JH, Duan H, Xu WW, Chang QC, Wang CR. Mitochondrial DNA Evidence Supports the Hypothesis that Triodontophorus Species Belong to Cyathostominae. Front Microbiol 2017;8:1444.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01444pubmed: 28824575google scholar: lookup
  31. Bredtmann CM, Krücken J, Murugaiyan J, Kuzmina T, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Nematode Species Identification-Current Status, Challenges and Future Perspectives for Cyathostomins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017;7:283.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00283pubmed: 28702376google scholar: lookup
  32. Zak A, Siwinska N, Slowikowska M, Borowicz H, Kubiak K, Hildebrand J, Popiolek M, Niedzwiedz A. Searching for ivermectin resistance in a Strongylidae population of horses stabled in Poland. BMC Vet Res 2017 Jul 3;13(1):210.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1133-1pubmed: 28673347google scholar: lookup
  33. Moudgil AD, Prashar A, Moudgil P, Sharma A, Sharma M. Cyathostomum catinatum infection in a mule of Palam Valley, India: a case report. J Parasit Dis 2017 Jun;41(2):534-537.
    doi: 10.1007/s12639-016-0845-7pubmed: 28615874google scholar: lookup
  34. Seyoum Z, Zewdu A, Dagnachew S, Bogale B. Anthelmintic Resistance of Strongyle Nematodes to Ivermectin and Fenbendazole on Cart Horses in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Biomed Res Int 2017;2017:5163968.
    doi: 10.1155/2017/5163968pubmed: 28265572google scholar: lookup
  35. Schneider S, Pfister K, Becher AM, Scheuerle MC. Strongyle infections and parasitic control strategies in German horses - a risk assessment. BMC Vet Res 2014 Nov 12;10:262.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-014-0262-zpubmed: 25387542google scholar: lookup
  36. Kuzmina TA, Lyons ET, Tolliver SC, Dzeverin II, Kharchenko VA. Fecundity of various species of strongylids (Nematoda: Strongylidae)--parasites of domestic horses. Parasitol Res 2012 Dec;111(6):2265-71.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-012-3077-5pubmed: 22903448google scholar: lookup
  37. Lyons ET, Tolliver SC, Kuzmina TA. Investigation of strongyle EPG values in horse mares relative to known age, number positive, and level of egg shedding in field studies on 26 farms in Central Kentucky (2010-2011). Parasitol Res 2012 Jun;110(6):2237-45.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2755-zpubmed: 22167377google scholar: lookup
  38. Kuzmina TA. Contamination of the environment by strongylid (Nematoda: Strongylidae) infective larvae at horse farms of various types in Ukraine. Parasitol Res 2012 May;110(5):1665-74.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2684-xpubmed: 22006190google scholar: lookup
  39. Mohtasebi S, Ahn S, Karimi M, Saberi M, Gilleard JS, Poissant J. Enhanced detection of equine strongyles: Insights from morphological and nemabiome metabarcoding approaches in northern Iran. Equine Vet J 2026 Mar;58(2):508-522.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.70120pubmed: 41316832google scholar: lookup
  40. Varandas M, Lozano J, Agrícola R, Gomes L, Rosa T, Magalhães M, Lamas L, Rinaldi L, Oliveira M, Paz-Silva A, Madeira de Carvalho L. Comparing the Performance of McMaster, FLOTAC and Mini-FLOTAC Techniques in the Diagnosis of Strongylid Infections in Two Horse Populations in Portugal. Pathogens 2025 Oct 22;14(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens14111075pubmed: 41305313google scholar: lookup
  41. Jamshidpour R, Nabavi R, Moadab H, Rezaie F, Chale AC, Sargison N. Evaluation of Benzimidazole Resistance in Equine Cyathostomins in the Kermanshah Province of Iran Using Coprological Analysis and Allele-Specific PCR. Iran J Parasitol 2025 Jul-Sep;20(3):389-399.
    doi: 10.18502/ijpa.v20i3.19614pubmed: 41181201google scholar: lookup
  42. Jia H, Tang L, Fu Y, Xiong Y, Yan L, Shao C, Li K, Zhang D, Hu D. The first mitogenome of Petrovinema skrjabini from Equus ferus przewalskii: a phylogenetic analysis within the Strongylidae family. Parasit Vectors 2025 Jul 11;18(1):278.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-025-06851-7pubmed: 40646541google scholar: lookup
  43. Laroche N, Grimm P, Julliand S, Sorci G. Combining in vivo and in vitro approaches to investigate the effect of sainfoin on strongyle infection, immunity, and large intestine ecosystem of horses. J Anim Sci 2025 Jan 4;103.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skaf100pubmed: 40159759google scholar: lookup
  44. Zhang W, Guo R, Sulayman A, Sun Y, Liu S. Research Progress on Influencing Factors of Gastrointestinal Microbial Diversity in Equine. Vet Med Sci 2025 May;11(3):e70271.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.70271pubmed: 40145999google scholar: lookup
  45. Phetkarl T, Fungwithaya P, Lewchalermvong K, Sontigun N. Prevalence of gastrointestinal and blood parasites in horses of Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Thailand. Vet World 2024 Nov;17(11):2460-2468.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.2460-2468pubmed: 39829659google scholar: lookup
  46. Bull KE, Hodgkinson J, Allen K, Poissant J, Peachey LE. Quantitative DNA metabarcoding reveals species composition of a macrocyclic lactone and pyrantel resistant cyathostomin population in the UK. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2025 Apr;27:100576.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100576pubmed: 39778419google scholar: lookup
  47. Ahn S, Redman EM, Gavriliuc S, Bellaw J, Gilleard JS, McLoughlin PD, Poissant J. Mixed strongyle parasite infections vary across host age and space in a population of feral horses. Parasitology 2024 Oct;151(12):1299-1316.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182024001185pubmed: 39663810google scholar: lookup
  48. Steuer A, Fritzler J, Boggan S, Daniel I, Cowles B, Penn C, Goldstein R, Lin D. Validation of Vetscan Imagyst(®), a diagnostic test utilizing an artificial intelligence deep learning algorithm, for detecting strongyles and Parascaris spp. in equine fecal samples. Parasit Vectors 2024 Nov 12;17(1):465.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-024-06525-wpubmed: 39533358google scholar: lookup
  49. Haywood LMB, Sheahan BJ. A Review of Epithelial Ion Transporters and Their Roles in Equine Infectious Colitis. Vet Sci 2024 Oct 7;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci11100480pubmed: 39453072google scholar: lookup
  50. Forman R, Lalzar M, Inbar M, Berman TS. Molecular analysis of feces reveals gastrointestinal nematodes in reintroduced wild asses of the Negev desert. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024 Dec;25:100980.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100980pubmed: 39280353google scholar: lookup
  51. Hedberg Alm Y, Tydén E, Martin F, Lernå J, Halvarsson P. Farm size and biosecurity measures associated with Strongylus vulgaris infection in horses. Equine Vet J 2025 May;57(3):703-711.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14212pubmed: 39171858google scholar: lookup
  52. Laroche N, Grimm P, Julliand S, Sorci G. Diet modulates strongyle infection and microbiota in the large intestine of horses. PLoS One 2024;19(4):e0301920.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301920pubmed: 38593129google scholar: lookup
  53. Hamad MH, Islam SI, Jitsamai W, Chinkangsadarn T, Naraporn D, Ouisuwan S, Taweethavonsawat P. Patterns of Equine Small Strongyle Species Infection after Ivermectin Intervention in Thailand: Egg Reappearance Period and Nemabiome Metabarcoding Approach. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 8;14(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14040574pubmed: 38396542google scholar: lookup
  54. Hamad MH, Islam SI, Jitsamai W, Chinkangsadarn T, Naraporn D, Ouisuwan S, Taweethavonsawat P. Metabarcoding study to reveal the structural community of strongylid nematodes in domesticated horses in Thailand. BMC Vet Res 2024 Feb 24;20(1):70.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-03934-ypubmed: 38395874google scholar: lookup
  55. Lejeune M, Mann S, White H, Maguire D, Hazard J, Young R, Stone C, Antczak D, Bowman D. Evaluation of Fecal Egg Count Tests for Effective Control of Equine Intestinal Strongyles. Pathogens 2023 Oct 26;12(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12111283pubmed: 38003748google scholar: lookup
  56. Jia H, Gao S, Tang L, Fu Y, Xiong Y, Ente M, Mubalake S, Shao C, Li K, Hu D, Zhang D. First report of four rare strongylid species infecting endangered Przewalski's horses (Equus ferus przewalskii) in Xinjiang, China. Parasit Vectors 2023 Oct 25;16(1):385.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05993-wpubmed: 37880749google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,075 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.