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Viruses2025; 17(3); doi: 10.3390/v17030302

Equine Influenza: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control.

Abstract: Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the equine influenza virus (EIV), posing a significant threat to equine populations worldwide. EIV exhibits considerable antigenic variability due to its segmented genome, complicating long-term disease control efforts. Although infections are rarely fatal, EIV's high transmissibility results in widespread outbreaks, leading to substantial morbidity and considerable economic impacts on veterinary care, quarantine, and equestrian activities. The H3N8 subtype has undergone significant antigenic evolution, resulting in the emergence of distinct lineages, including Eurasian and American, with the Florida sublineage being particularly prevalent. Continuous genetic surveillance and regular updates to vaccine formulations are necessary to address antigenic drift and maintain vaccination efficacy. Additionally, rare cross-species transmissions have raised concerns regarding the zoonotic potential of EIV. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of EI, emphasizing vaccination strategies and addressing the socio-economic consequences of the disease in regions where the equine industry is vital.
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Publication Date: 2025-02-21 PubMed ID: 40143233PubMed Central: PMC11946173DOI: 10.3390/v17030302Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is a comprehensive analysis of equine influenza, a contagious respiratory disease that affects horses globally. The study delves into the complexities of controlling the disease due to the virus’s genetic variability and the economic implications of its widespread occurrence. The paper also highlights the importance of regular updates in vaccine formulations and discusses the potential for cross-species transmission.

Epidemiology of Equine Influenza

  • The study details the global reach of EIV, a contagious disease that poses a major threat to horse populations. The disease is not often fatal, but its highly contagious nature means it can cause widespread outbreaks.
  • The H3N8 subtype of EIV has seen significant changes in its make-up, resulting in different forms of the disease, including the Eurasian and American lineages. Notably, the Florida sublineage is particularly common.
  • Rare instances of the disease passing from horses to other species have raised concerns about its potential to affect humans.

Pathogenesis and Control Strategies

  • EIV’s segmented genome results in varying antigens, which complicates efforts to control the disease effectively over the long term.
  • The researchers highlight the need for continuous genetic surveillance and regular updates to vaccine formulations to combat the changing virus and maintain the effectiveness of vaccines.

Socio-economic Consequences and the Need for Ongoing Prevention

  • The paper discusses the significant impact EI can have on the economy, affecting veterinary care expenditure, quarantine costs, and the wider equestrian industry due to outbreaks.
  • Prevention strategies are, therefore, imperative, especially in regions where the horse industry plays a critical role in the economy. This includes ongoing vaccination and careful monitoring of equine populations.

Cite This Article

APA
Branda F, Yon DK, Albanese M, Binetti E, Giovanetti M, Ciccozzi A, Ciccozzi M, Scarpa F, Ceccarelli G. (2025). Equine Influenza: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control. Viruses, 17(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/v17030302

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 17
Issue: 3

Researcher Affiliations

Branda, Francesco
  • Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy.
Yon, Dong Keon
  • Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
  • Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
  • Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
Albanese, Mattia
  • Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy.
  • Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
Binetti, Erica
  • Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy.
  • Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
Giovanetti, Marta
  • Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy.
  • Climate Amplified Diseases and Epidemics (CLIMADE), Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil.
  • Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, MG, Brazil.
Ciccozzi, Alessandra
  • Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
Ciccozzi, Massimo
  • Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy.
Scarpa, Fabio
  • Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
Ceccarelli, Giancarlo
  • Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy.
  • Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy.
  • Migrant and Global Health Research Organization-Mi-Hero, 00185 Rome, Italy.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / genetics
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / pathogenicity
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
  • Influenza Vaccines / immunology
  • Influenza Vaccines / administration & dosage
  • Vaccination / veterinary
  • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
  • Disease Outbreaks / prevention & control

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Gonzalez-Obando J, Jaimes-Dueñez J, Zuluaga-Cabrera A, Forero JE, Diaz A, Rojas-Arbeláez C, Ruiz-Saenz J. Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza Virus Antibodies in Horses from Four Localities in Colombia. Viruses 2025 Jul 16;17(7).
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