Equine influenza vaccine efficacy: the significance of antigenic variation.
Abstract: To investigate the level of cross-protection induced by equine influenza H3N8 vaccines derived from different lineages, two studies have been carried out with ponies vaccinated with 'American-like' and 'European-like' vaccines and experimentally challenged with a European-like strain. The results demonstrated that equine influenza vaccines clearly protect against challenge with homologous virus if serum antibody titres are sufficiently high. On the other hand, protection is incomplete even when animals vaccinated with heterologous strains have comparative antibody levels. Nevertheless, the protection afforded by heterologous viruses can be improved by stimulating high levels of antibody. It would be advisable to update equine influenza vaccine strains regularly so that they contain similar strains to variants that are circulating in the field.
Publication Date: 2000-05-09 PubMed ID: 10799789DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00177-2Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The research paper investigates the effectiveness of different equine influenza vaccines in protecting horses from strains of the H3N8 virus. It found that while vaccines can effectively protect against identical virus strains if serum antibody levels are high, protection is less complete against different strains, even if antibody levels are similar.
Objective of the Study
- The aim of the study was to ascertain the effectiveness of different equine influenza vaccines in guarding ponies against various strains of the H3N8 virus.
- More specifically, the researchers intended to assess the cross-protection effect of ‘American-lineage’ and ‘European-lineage’ vaccines against a European virus strain.
Methodology and Findings
- Two studies were conducted in which ponies were vaccinated with ‘American-like’ and ‘European-like’ vaccines, and subsequently exposed to a European strain of the virus.
- The results indicated that equine influenza vaccines effectively protected against the challenge of a homologous (identical) virus if the ponies’ serum antibody levels were sufficiently high.
- However, protection was less complete when the animals were vaccinated with heterologous (different) strains, even if their antibody levels were of comparable measure.
Conclusion and Recommendations
- Despite this limitation, the study showed that the degree of protection against different strains could be enhanced by stimulating higher levels of antibodies within the animals.
- Due to the importance of matching vaccine strains with circulating virus strains for optimal protection, the researchers recommend regular updates of equine influenza vaccine strains.
- This would ensure that these vaccines contain strains similar to those variants currently circulating among horse populations, thereby improving the vaccines’ effectiveness and the health of the equine population as a whole.
Cite This Article
APA
Yates P, Mumford JA.
(2000).
Equine influenza vaccine efficacy: the significance of antigenic variation.
Vet Microbiol, 74(1-2), 173-177.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00177-2 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antigenic Variation
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horses
- Influenza A virus / classification
- Influenza A virus / immunology
- Influenza Vaccines / immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Vaccination / veterinary
Citations
This article has been cited 14 times.- Cullinane A, Gahan J, Walsh C, Nemoto M, Entenfellner J, Olguin-Perglione C, Garvey M, Huang Fu TQ, Venner M, Yamanaka T, Barrandeguy M, Fernandez CJ. Evaluation of Current Equine Influenza Vaccination Protocols Prior to Shipment, Guided by OIE Standards.. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Feb 29;8(1).
- Blanco-Lobo P, Rodriguez L, Reedy S, Oladunni FS, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Chambers TM, Martinez-Sobrido L. A Bivalent Live-Attenuated Vaccine for the Prevention of Equine Influenza Virus.. Viruses 2019 Oct 11;11(10).
- Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies.. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
- Rodriguez L, Reedy S, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Chambers TM, Martinez-Sobrido L. Development of a novel equine influenza virus live-attenuated vaccine.. Virology 2018 Mar;516:76-85.
- Gahan J, Garvey M, Gildea S, Gür E, Kagankaya A, Cullinane A. Whole-genome sequencing and antigenic analysis of the first equine influenza virus identified in Turkey.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018 May;12(3):374-382.
- Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination.. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
- Sugita S, Oki H, Hasegawa T, Ishida N. Estimation models for the morbidity of the horses infected with equine influenza virus.. J Equine Sci 2008;19(3):63-6.
- Pouwels HG, Van de Zande SM, Horspool LJ, Hoeijmakers MJ. Efficacy of a non-updated, Matrix-C-based equine influenza subunit-tetanus vaccine following Florida sublineage clade 2 challenge.. Vet Rec 2014 Jun 21;174(25):633.
- Lewis NS, Daly JM, Russell CA, Horton DL, Skepner E, Bryant NA, Burke DF, Rash AS, Wood JL, Chambers TM, Fouchier RA, Mumford JA, Elton DM, Smith DJ. Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine influenza A (H3N8) virus from 1968 to 2007.. J Virol 2011 Dec;85(23):12742-9.
- Bountouri M, Fragkiadaki E, Ntafis V, Kanellos T, Xylouri E. Phylogenetic and molecular characterization of equine H3N8 influenza viruses from Greece (2003 and 2007): evidence for reassortment between evolutionary lineages.. Virol J 2011 Jul 14;8:350.
- Bryant NA, Paillot R, Rash AS, Medcalf E, Montesso F, Ross J, Watson J, Jeggo M, Lewis NS, Newton JR, Elton DM. Comparison of two modern vaccines and previous influenza infection against challenge with an equine influenza virus from the Australian 2007 outbreak.. Vet Res 2010 Mar-Apr;41(2):19.
- Gagnon CA, Elahi SM, Tremblay D, Lavoie JP, Bryant NA, Elton DM, Carman S, Elsener J. Genetic relatedness of recent Canadian equine influenza virus isolates with vaccine strains used in the field.. Can Vet J 2007 Oct;48(10):1028-30.
- Hamilton R, Boots M, Paterson S. The effect of host heterogeneity and parasite intragenomic interactions on parasite population structure.. Proc Biol Sci 2005 Aug 22;272(1573):1647-53.
- Park AW, Wood JL, Daly JM, Newton JR, Glass K, Henley W, Mumford JA, Grenfell BT. The effects of strain heterology on the epidemiology of equine influenza in a vaccinated population.. Proc Biol Sci 2004 Aug 7;271(1548):1547-55.
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