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Home / Equine Research Bank / PLoS One / Equine or porcine synovial fluid as a novel ex vivo model fo...
PloS one2019; 14(8); e0221012; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221012

Equine or porcine synovial fluid as a novel ex vivo model for the study of bacterial free-floating biofilms that form in human joint infections.

Abstract: Bacterial invasion of synovial joints, as in infectious or septic arthritis, can be difficult to treat in both veterinary and human clinical practice. Biofilms, in the form of free-floating clumps or aggregates, are involved with the pathogenesis of infectious arthritis and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Infection of a joint containing an orthopedic implant can additionally complicate these infections due to the presence of adherent biofilms. Because of these biofilm phenotypes, bacteria within these infected joints show increased antimicrobial tolerance even at high antibiotic concentrations. To date, animal models of PJI or infectious arthritis have been limited to small animals such as rodents or rabbits. Small animal models, however, yield limited quantities of synovial fluid making them impractical for in vitro research. Herein, we describe the use of ex vivo equine and porcine models for the study of synovial fluid induced biofilm aggregate formation and antimicrobial tolerance. We observed Staphylococcus aureus and other bacterial pathogens adapt the same biofilm aggregate phenotype with significant antimicrobial tolerance in both equine and porcine synovial fluid, analogous to human synovial fluid. We also demonstrate that enzymatic dispersal of synovial fluid aggregates restores the activity of antimicrobials. Future studies investigating the interaction of bacterial cell surface proteins with host synovial fluid proteins can be readily carried out in equine or porcine ex vivo models to identify novel drug targets for treatment of prevention of these difficult to treat infectious diseases.
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Publication Date: 2019-08-15 PubMed ID: 31415623PubMed Central: PMC6695105DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221012Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study introduces the use of equine and porcine models as a novel approach to understanding bacterial biofilm formation in human joint infections, which tend to show a high tolerance to antimicrobial treatment. These models could potentially identify new drug targets for countering these infections.

Background and Challenges

  • Septic arthritis and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) occur when bacteria invade synovial joints. These bacteria often form biofilms, which are essentially bacterial colonies encapsulated in a protective layer. This biofilm formation elevates the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and makes these infections difficult to treat.
  • Till date, the commonly used animal models for studying such infections are small animals like rodents or rabbits. However, due to their size, these yield limited volumes of synovial fluid, which is impractical for laboratory study.

New Models for Biofilm Study

  • The research discusses the use of equine and porcine models as they produce a significant amount of synovial fluid, allowing for effective in vitro study.
  • It was observed that Staphylococcus aureus and other bacterial pathogens adapt the same biofilm aggregate phenotype (or form) in equine and porcine synovial fluid, similar to that seen in human synovial fluid, showing significant antimicrobial tolerance.
  • This suggests that bacterial reactions in equine and porcine models likely mirror those in human joints, making them a useful tool for research.

Enzymatic Dispersal of Biofilms

  • The study further provides evidence that enzymatic dispersal of synovial fluid aggregates can reactivate the effectiveness of antimicrobials, showing a potential pathway for therapy.

Implications and Future Research

  • This study paves the way for more in-depth research on bacterial cell surface proteins’ interaction with host synovial fluid proteins using equine or porcine models.
  • Such investigation has the potential to identify new targets for drug development, specifically aimed at preventing and treating challenging joint infections in both veterinary and human clinical practice.

Cite This Article

APA
Gilbertie JM, Schnabel LV, Hickok NJ, Jacob ME, Conlon BP, Shapiro IM, Parvizi J, Schaer TP. (2019). Equine or porcine synovial fluid as a novel ex vivo model for the study of bacterial free-floating biofilms that form in human joint infections. PLoS One, 14(8), e0221012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221012

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 8
Pages: e0221012

Researcher Affiliations

Gilbertie, Jessica M
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America.
  • Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America.
  • Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States of America.
Schnabel, Lauren V
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America.
  • Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America.
Hickok, Noreen J
  • Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
Jacob, Megan E
  • Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America.
  • Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
Conlon, Brian P
  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
Shapiro, Irving M
  • Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
Parvizi, Javad
  • Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
Schaer, Thomas P
  • Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States of America.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Arthritis / microbiology
  • Arthritis / pathology
  • Biofilms / growth & development
  • Disease Models, Animal
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Staphylococcal Infections / microbiology
  • Staphylococcal Infections / pathology
  • Staphylococcus aureus / physiology
  • Swine
  • Synovial Fluid / microbiology

Grant Funding

  • R01 AI137273 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • R01 AR072513 / NIAMS NIH HHS

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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