FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Frontiers in veterinary science2019; 6; 71; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00071

Equine Rhinitis A Virus Infection at a Standardbred Training Facility: Incidence, Clinical Signs, and Risk Factors for Clinical Disease.

Abstract: Respiratory disease is a common morbidity of young racehorses. Infections can lead to compromised welfare, and economic loss. Identification of risk factors for infection through clinical signs monitoring and collection of demographic, serologic, and contact network data can aid in the development of prevention and control strategies. The study objectives were to: (1) describe the transmission and clinical course of infectious respiratory disease in standardbred racehorses in a multi-barn training facility and, (2) identify demographic, serological, and contact network risk factors associated with Equine Rhinitis A virus (ERAV) respiratory disease. The study population included standardbred racehorses (age 1-5 years: = 96) housed at a multi-barn training facility in southern Ontario. Clinical signs were monitored daily over a 41-day period in fall 2017. Descriptive statistics, including incidence rate, prevalence and incidence risk were calculated for the observed period. Associations between demographic, serologic, and contact pattern variables, and clinical disease status were investigated using multivariable logistic regression. Respiratory disease cases were characterized by mucopurulent discharge (100%), intermittent cough (37.7%), and ocular discharge (62.3%). Fever (>38.5°C) and inappetence were rarely reported (15.2 and 3.8%). Seroconversion to ERAV among cases was 75%. Total, and yearling-specific incidence risks were 52.5 and 87.9%. The cumulative incidence was 0.027 new cases/horse day. A negative association (OR = 0.011) between increasing age and respiratory disease was significant ( = < 0.001) in the final regression model. Yearling horses were at increased risk of infectious respiratory disease as demonstrated by the high yearling-specific incidence risk, and the negative association between age and infection. Disease control strategies, such as vaccination programs and isolation of new horses arriving from auction, should be targeted at young animals entering training facilities.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-03-13 PubMed ID: 30918893PubMed Central: PMC6424864DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00071Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research presents a study focusing on respiratory disease, specifically Equine Rhinitis A virus (ERAV), in young standardbred racehorses at a training facility in Ontario. It not only describes the transmission and symptoms of this disease but also identifies the risk factors, making way for the proposed prevention and control strategies primarily targeting young horses.

Research Objectives and Methodology

  • The researchers aimed to understand the transmission and clinical course of the respiratory disease in standardbred racehorses. Concurrently, they sought to identify demographic, serological, and contact network risk factors that increase the likelihood of ERAV respiratory disease.
  • The study population was racehorses (age 1-5 years) located at a multi-barn training facility in southern Ontario. The clinical signs were observed daily over 41 days in Fall 2017.
  • Used descriptive statistics, findings such as incidence rate, prevalence and incidence risk were calculated for the observed period.
  • Different variables like demographic, serologic, and contact pattern variables were studied using multivariable logistic regression to establish any associations with the clinical disease status.

Findings and Key Results

  • The observed symptoms of the respiratory disease cases included mucopurulent discharge (100%), intermittent cough (37.7%), and ocular discharge (62.3%). Fever and inappetence, however, were infrequent occurrences.
  • 75% of the cases showed seroconversion to ERAV.
  • Total, and yearling-specific incidence risks were discovered to be 52.5% and 87.9% respectively, with a cumulative incidence of 0.027 new cases/horse day.
  • The study highlighted a significant negative correlation between increasing age and the likelihood of respiratory disease with yearling horses being at an increased risk.

Implications and Recommendations

  • This research has essential implications for racehorse training facilities as respiratory diseases can impede welfare and lead to economic losses.
  • It pinpoints that young or yearling horses are more susceptible to ERAV, which can help implement preventative measures more effectively.
  • Thus, based on the findings, the researchers recommend targeting disease control strategies like vaccination programs and isolating new horses from auctions at young animals entering training facilities.

Cite This Article

APA
Rossi TM, Moore A, O'Sullivan TL, Greer AL. (2019). Equine Rhinitis A Virus Infection at a Standardbred Training Facility: Incidence, Clinical Signs, and Risk Factors for Clinical Disease. Front Vet Sci, 6, 71. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00071

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 6
Pages: 71
PII: 71

Researcher Affiliations

Rossi, Tanya M
  • Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Moore, Alison
  • Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada.
O'Sullivan, Terri L
  • Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Greer, Amy L
  • Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.

References

This article includes 40 references
  1. Lunn DP, Davis-Poynter N, Flaminio MJ, Horohov DW, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Townsend HG. Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2009 May-Jun;23(3):450-61.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0304.xpubmed: 19645832google scholar: lookup
  2. Gilkerson JR, Bailey KE, Diaz-Méndez A, Hartley CA. Update on viral diseases of the equine respiratory tract.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015 Apr;31(1):91-104.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.007pubmed: 25648568google scholar: lookup
  3. Hernandez J, Hawkins DL. Training failure among yearling horses.. Am J Vet Res 2001 Sep;62(9):1418-22.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1418pubmed: 11560271google scholar: lookup
  4. Bailey CJ, Rose RJ, Reid SW, Hodgson DR. Wastage in the Australian thoroughbred racing industry: a survey of Sydney trainers.. Aust Vet J 1997 Jan;75(1):64-6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb13836.xpubmed: 9034505google scholar: lookup
  5. Willoughby R, Ecker G, McKee S, Riddolls L, Vernaillen C, Dubovi E, Lein D, Mahony JB, Chernesky M, Nagy E. The effects of equine rhinovirus, influenza virus and herpesvirus infection on tracheal clearance rate in horses.. Can J Vet Res 1992 Apr;56(2):115-21.
    pmc: PMC1263518pubmed: 1317244
  6. Wood JL, Newton JR, Chanter N, Mumford JA. Association between respiratory disease and bacterial and viral infections in British racehorses.. J Clin Microbiol 2005 Jan;43(1):120-6.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.1.120pmc: PMC540098pubmed: 15634959google scholar: lookup
  7. Timoney PJ. Equine influenza.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1996 Jun;19(3):205-11.
    doi: 10.1016/0147-9571(96)00006-9pubmed: 8800546google scholar: lookup
  8. Houtsma A, Bedenice D, Pusterla N, Pugliese B, Mapes S, Hoffman AM, Paxson J, Rozanski E, Mukherjee J, Wigley M, Mazan MR. Association between inflammatory airway disease of horses and exposure to respiratory viruses: a case control study.. Multidiscip Respir Med 2015;10:33.
    doi: 10.1186/s40248-015-0030-3pmc: PMC4630835pubmed: 26535117google scholar: lookup
  9. Doubli-Bounoua N, Richard EA, Léon A, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Fortier G. Multiple molecular detection of respiratory viruses and associated signs of airway inflammation in racehorses.. Virol J 2016 Nov 29;13(1):197.
    doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0657-5pmc: PMC5129218pubmed: 27899161google scholar: lookup
  10. PLUMMER G. An equine respiratory virus with enterovirus properties.. Nature 1962 Aug 4;195:519-20.
    pubmed: 14487261doi: 10.1038/195519a0google scholar: lookup
  11. Li F, Drummer HE, Ficorilli N, Studdert MJ, Crabb BS. Identification of noncytopathic equine rhinovirus 1 as a cause of acute febrile respiratory disease in horses.. J Clin Microbiol 1997 Apr;35(4):937-43.
    pmc: PMC229704pubmed: 9157156doi: 10.1128/jcm.35.4.937-943.1997google scholar: lookup
  12. Studdert MJ, Gleeson LJ. Isolation and characterisation of an equine rhinovirus.. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1978;25(3):225-37.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1978.tb01180.xpubmed: 207059google scholar: lookup
  13. Newton JR, Wood JL, Chanter N. A case control study of factors and infections associated with clinically apparent respiratory disease in UK Thoroughbred racehorses.. Prev Vet Med 2003 Jul 30;60(1):107-32.
    doi: 10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00085-0pubmed: 12900152google scholar: lookup
  14. Klaey M, Sanchez-Higgins M, Leadon DP, Cullinane A, Straub R, Gerber H. Field case study of equine rhinovirus 1 infection: clinical signs and clinicopathology.. Equine Vet J 1998 May;30(3):267-9.
    doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090107pubmed: 9622330google scholar: lookup
  15. Diaz-Méndez A, Hewson J, Shewen P, Nagy E, Viel L. Characteristics of respiratory tract disease in horses inoculated with equine rhinitis A virus.. Am J Vet Res 2014 Feb;75(2):169-78.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.75.2.169pubmed: 24471753google scholar: lookup
  16. Diaz-Mendez A, Viel L, Hewson J, Doig P, Carman S, Chambers T, Tiwari A, Dewey C. Surveillance of equine respiratory viruses in Ontario.. Can J Vet Res 2010 Oct;74(4):271-8.
    pmc: PMC2949340pubmed: 21197227
  17. Carman S, Rosendal S, Huber L, Gyles C, McKee S, Willoughby RA, Dubovi E, Thorsen J, Lein D. Infectious agents in acute respiratory disease in horses in Ontario.. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997 Jan;9(1):17-23.
    doi: 10.1177/104063879700900104pubmed: 9087920google scholar: lookup
  18. Lynch SE, Gilkerson JR, Symes SJ, Huang JA, Hartley CA. Persistence and chronic urinary shedding of the aphthovirus equine rhinitis A virus.. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013 Jan;36(1):95-103.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.10.003pubmed: 23183058google scholar: lookup
  19. Myers C, Wilson WD. Equine influenza virus. Clin Tech Equine Pract (2006) 5:187–96.
    doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.013google scholar: lookup
  20. Spence KL, O'Sullivan TL, Poljak Z, Greer AL. Descriptive and network analyses of the equine contact network at an equestrian show in Ontario, Canada and implications for disease spread.. BMC Vet Res 2017 Jun 21;13(1):191.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1103-7pmc: PMC5480143pubmed: 28637457google scholar: lookup
  21. Firestone SM, Ward MP, Christley RM, Dhand NK. The importance of location in contact networks: Describing early epidemic spread using spatial social network analysis.. Prev Vet Med 2011 Dec 1;102(3):185-95.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.07.006pubmed: 21852007google scholar: lookup
  22. Milwid RM, O'Sullivan TL, Poljak Z, Laskowski M, Greer AL. Comparison of the dynamic networks of four equine boarding and training facilities.. Prev Vet Med 2019 Jan 1;162:84-94.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.11.011pubmed: 30621903google scholar: lookup
  23. Spence KL, O'Sullivan TL, Poljak Z, Greer AL. Estimating the potential for disease spread in horses associated with an equestrian show in Ontario, Canada using an agent-based model.. Prev Vet Med 2018 Mar 1;151:21-28.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.013pubmed: 29496102google scholar: lookup
  24. Morley PS, Townsend HG, Bogdan JR, Haines DM. Risk factors for disease associated with influenza virus infections during three epidemics in horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000 Feb 15;216(4):545-50.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.545pubmed: 10687010google scholar: lookup
  25. Traub-Dargatz JL, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Creekmore LH, Geiser-Novotny S, Kasari TR, Wiedenheft AM, Bush EJ, Bjork KE. Case-control study of a multistate equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy outbreak.. J Vet Intern Med 2013 Mar-Apr;27(2):339-46.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12051pubmed: 23398291google scholar: lookup
  26. Barquero N, Daly JM, Newton JR. Risk factors for influenza infection in vaccinated racehorses: lessons from an outbreak in Newmarket, UK in 2003.. Vaccine 2007 Oct 23;25(43):7520-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.08.038pubmed: 17889409google scholar: lookup
  27. Gildea S, Arkins S, Cullinane A. Management and environmental factors involved in equine influenza outbreaks in Ireland 2007-2010.. Equine Vet J 2011 Sep;43(5):608-17.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00333.xpubmed: 21496094google scholar: lookup
  28. Firestone SM, Lewis FI, Schemann K, Ward MP, Toribio JA, Dhand NK. Understanding the associations between on-farm biosecurity practice and equine influenza infection during the 2007 outbreak in Australia.. Prev Vet Med 2013 May 15;110(1):28-36.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.003pubmed: 23473854google scholar: lookup
  29. Christley RM, Pinchbeck GL, Bowers RG, Clancy D, French NP, Bennett R, Turner J. Infection in social networks: using network analysis to identify high-risk individuals.. Am J Epidemiol 2005 Nov 15;162(10):1024-31.
    doi: 10.1093/aje/kwi308pubmed: 16177140google scholar: lookup
  30. Dubé C, Ribble C, Kelton D, McNab B. A review of network analysis terminology and its application to foot-and-mouth disease modelling and policy development.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2009 Apr;56(3):73-85.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01064.xpubmed: 19267879google scholar: lookup
  31. de Boer GF, Osterhaus AD, van Oirschot JT, Wemmenhove R. Prevalence of antibodies to equine viruses in the Netherlands.. Vet Q 1979 Apr;1(2):65-74.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.1979.9693724pubmed: 22039753google scholar: lookup
  32. Black WD, Wilcox RS, Stevenson RA, Hartley CA, Ficorilli NP, Gilkerson JR, Studdert MJ. Prevalence of serum neutralising antibody to equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), equine rhinitis B virus 1 (ERBV1) and ERBV2.. Vet Microbiol 2007 Jan 17;119(1):65-71.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.08.031pubmed: 17046179google scholar: lookup
  33. DITCHFIELD J, MACPHERSON LW. ZBITNEW A: UPPER RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN THOUROUGHBRED HORSES: STUDIES OF ITS VIRAL ETIOLOGY IN THE TORONTO AREA, 1960 TO 1963.. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 1965 Jan;29(1):18-22.
    pmc: PMC1494351pubmed: 14230908
  34. Powell DG, Burrows R, Goodridge D. Respiratory viral infections among thoroughbred horses in training during 1972.. Equine Vet J 1974 Jan;6(1):19-24.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1974.tb03922.xpubmed: 4362234google scholar: lookup
  35. Solís-Calderón JJ, Segura-Correa JC, Aguilar-Romero F, Segura-Correa VM. Detection of antibodies and risk factors for infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus-3 in beef cattle of Yucatan, Mexico.. Prev Vet Med 2007 Nov 15;82(1-2):102-10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.05.013pubmed: 17590461google scholar: lookup
  36. Svensson C, Liberg P. The effect of group size on health and growth rate of Swedish dairy calves housed in pens with automatic milk-feeders.. Prev Vet Med 2006 Jan 16;73(1):43-53.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.08.021pubmed: 16191449google scholar: lookup
  37. Waltner-Toews D, Martin SW, Meek AH, McMillan I. Dairy calf management, morbidity and mortality in ontario holstein herds. I. The data. Prev Vet Med (1986) 4:103–24.
    doi: 10.1016/0167-5877(86)90017-6google scholar: lookup
  38. Hurnik D, Dohoo IR, Bate LA. Types of farm management as risk factors for swine respiratory disease. Prev Vet Med (1994) 20:147–57.
    doi: 10.1016/0167-5877(94)90113-9google scholar: lookup
  39. Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, Wood JL, Reids SW, Whitear KG, Hodgson JL. A case-control study of respiratory disease in Thoroughbred racehorses in Sydney, Australia.. Equine Vet J 2001 May;33(3):256-64.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776249796pubmed: 11352347google scholar: lookup
  40. Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, Hodgson JL, Wood JL, Reid SW. Coughing in thoroughbred racehorses: risk factors and tracheal endoscopic and cytological findings.. Vet Rec 2001 Jan 27;148(4):99-104.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.148.4.99pubmed: 11232940google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Rossi TM, Milwid RM, Moore A, O'Sullivan TL, Greer AL. Descriptive network analysis of a Standardbred horse training facility contact network: Implications for disease transmission. Can Vet J 2020 Aug;61(8):853-859.
    pubmed: 32741991
  2. Bullone M, Bellato A, Robino P, Nebbia P, Morello S, Marchis D, Tarducci A, Ru G. Prevalence and risk factors associated with nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in horses and their caregivers. Vet Res 2024 Sep 9;55(1):108.
    doi: 10.1186/s13567-024-01364-0pubmed: 39252070google scholar: lookup
  3. Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Rola J. Prevalence and Sequence Analysis of Equine Rhinitis Viruses among Horses in Poland. Viruses 2024 Jul 26;16(8).
    doi: 10.3390/v16081204pubmed: 39205178google scholar: lookup
  4. Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Shu Y, Ren L, Kang M, Kong D, Shi X, Lv Q, Chen Z, Li Y, Zhang R, Lu P, Lu Y, Liu T, Chen N, Xiong H, Du C, Yuan J, Wang L, Liu R, Chen W, Li X, Lin Q, Li G, Zhang X, Yuan J, Wang T, Guo Y, Lu J, Zou X, Feng T. Expert consensus on One Health for establishing an enhanced and integrated surveillance system for key infectious diseases. Infect Med (Beijing) 2024 Jun;3(2):100106.
    doi: 10.1016/j.imj.2024.100106pubmed: 38827562google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,911 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.