FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Polymers (Basel) / Equine Tenocyte Seeding on Gelatin Hydrogels Improves Elonga...
Polymers2021; 13(5); 747; doi: 10.3390/polym13050747

Equine Tenocyte Seeding on Gelatin Hydrogels Improves Elongated Morphology.

Abstract: (1) Background: Tendinopathy is a common injury in both human and equine athletes. Representative in vitro models are mandatory to facilitate translation of fundamental research into successful clinical treatments. Natural biomaterials like gelatin provide favorable cell binding characteristics and are easily modifiable. In this study, methacrylated gelatin (gel-MA) and norbornene-functionalized gelatin (gel-NB), crosslinked with 1,4-dithiotreitol (DTT) or thiolated gelatin (gel-SH) were compared. (2) Methods: The physicochemical properties (H-NMR spectroscopy, gel fraction, swelling ratio, and storage modulus) and equine tenocyte characteristics (proliferation, viability, and morphology) of four different hydrogels (gel-MA, gel-NB85/DTT, gel-NB55/DTT, and gel-NB85/SH75) were evaluated. Cellular functionality was analyzed using fluorescence microscopy (viability assay and focal adhesion staining). (3) Results: The thiol-ene based hydrogels showed a significantly lower gel fraction/storage modulus and a higher swelling ratio compared to gel-MA. Significantly less tenocytes were observed on gel-MA discs at 14 days compared to gel-NB85/DTT, gel-NB55/DTT and gel-NB85/SH75. At 7 and 14 days, the characteristic elongated morphology of tenocytes was significantly more pronounced on gel-NB85/DTT and gel-NB55/DTT in contrast to TCP and gel-MA. (4) Conclusions: Thiol-ene crosslinked gelatins exploiting DTT as a crosslinker are the preferred biomaterials to support the culture of tenocytes. Follow-up experiments will evaluate these biomaterials in more complex models.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-02-28 PubMed ID: 33670848PubMed Central: PMC7957613DOI: 10.3390/polym13050747Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates how seeding equine tenocytes, the cells responsible for the health and repair of tendons, on different types of gelatin hydrogels impacts their shape and function. The study found that certain types of gelatin, especially those crosslinked with 1,4-dithiotreitol (DTT), were more conducive to the maintenance and growth of tenocytes, providing guidance for future development of treatments for tendon injuries in both humans and horses.

Research Background

  • The study begins by discussing the prevalence of tendon injuries, also known as tendinopathy, in both humans and horses, particularly athletes.
  • The research emphasizes the need for good representative models to test potential treatments before they’re used in the clinic.
  • Gelatins are highlighted as natural biomaterials that are easily modified and offer good cell binding properties, making them excellent candidates for in vitro (outside of a living organism) studies.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers compared four different types of gelatin hydrogels: methacrylated gelatin (gel-MA) and three variations of norbornene-functionalized gelatin (gel-NB), which were each crosslinked with either 1,4-dithiotreitol (DTT) or thiolated gelatin (gel-SH).
  • Several testing methods were used to analyze the properties of these hydrogels and how equine tenocytes interacted with them, including H-NMR spectroscopy, gel fraction, swelling ratio, and storage modulus assessments.
  • Fluorescence microscopy was used to evaluate cell functionality, including viability (how many cells remain alive) and focal adhesion staining (which reveals the points where cells adhere to the surrounding matrix).

Research Findings

  • The results showed that gelatins crosslinked with DTT resulted in a lower gel fraction/storage modulus and a higher swelling ratio than gel-MA, indicating they have different physical properties.
  • Furthermore, fewer tenocytes were found on gel-MA discs after 14 days compared to the other types of gelatin.
  • The stretched or elongated morphology of tenocytes, typical of healthy cells of this type, was significantly more pronounced on certain types of gelatin (particularly gel-NB85/DTT and gel-NB55/DTT) than on other gel samples and tissue culture polystyrene (TCP).

Conclusion and Future Directions

  • The study concluded that gelatins crosslinked with DTT are the preferred biomaterials for nurturing tenocyte culture. This is a crucial conclusion for the field as these findings can guide the development of superior treatments for tendinopathy.
  • As future work, the researchers plan to validate these results further using more complex models and experiments.

Cite This Article

APA
Meeremans M, Van Damme L, De Spiegelaere W, Van Vlierberghe S, De Schauwer C. (2021). Equine Tenocyte Seeding on Gelatin Hydrogels Improves Elongated Morphology. Polymers (Basel), 13(5), 747. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13050747

Publication

Polymers
ISSN: 2073-4360
NlmUniqueID: 101545357
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 5
PII: 747

Researcher Affiliations

Meeremans, Marguerite
  • Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Van Damme, Lana
  • Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
De Spiegelaere, Ward
  • Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Van Vlierberghe, Sandra
  • Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
De Schauwer, Catharina
  • Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.

Grant Funding

  • BOFSTG2019004801 / Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent
  • I003318N / Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 50 references
  1. Carpenter JE, Hankenson KD. Animal models of tendon and ligament injuries for tissue engineering applications.. Biomaterials 2004 Apr;25(9):1715-22.
    doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00507-6pubmed: 14697872google scholar: lookup
  2. Spaas JH, Guest DJ, Van de Walle GR. Tendon regeneration in human and equine athletes: Ubi Sumus-Quo Vadimus (where are we and where are we going to)?. Sports Med 2012 Oct 1;42(10):871-90.
    doi: 10.1007/BF03262300pubmed: 22963225google scholar: lookup
  3. Burk J. Mechanisms of Action of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Tendon Disease.. IntechOpen London, UK: 2019.
  4. Richardson LE, Dudhia J, Clegg PD, Smith R. Stem cells in veterinary medicine--attempts at regenerating equine tendon after injury.. Trends Biotechnol 2007 Sep;25(9):409-16.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.07.009pubmed: 17692415google scholar: lookup
  5. Veronesi F, Salamanna F, Tschon M, Maglio M, Nicoli Aldini N, Fini M. Mesenchymal stem cells for tendon healing: what is on the horizon?. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017 Nov;11(11):3202-3219.
    doi: 10.1002/term.2209pubmed: 27597421google scholar: lookup
  6. Patel D, Sharma S, Bryant SJ, Screen HR. Recapitulating the Micromechanical Behavior of Tension and Shear in a Biomimetic Hydrogel for Controlling Tenocyte Response.. Adv Healthc Mater 2017 Feb;6(4).
    doi: 10.1002/adhm.201601095pmc: PMC5469035pubmed: 28026126google scholar: lookup
  7. Wang T, Chen P, Zheng M, Wang A, Lloyd D, Leys T, Zheng Q, Zheng MH. In vitro loading models for tendon mechanobiology.. J Orthop Res 2018 Feb;36(2):566-575.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.23752pubmed: 28960468google scholar: lookup
  8. Laternser S, Keller H, Leupin O, Rausch M, Graf-Hausner U, Rimann M. A Novel Microplate 3D Bioprinting Platform for the Engineering of Muscle and Tendon Tissues.. SLAS Technol 2018 Dec;23(6):599-613.
    doi: 10.1177/2472630318776594pmc: PMC6249648pubmed: 29895208google scholar: lookup
  9. Patterson-Kane JC, Becker DL, Rich T. The pathogenesis of tendon microdamage in athletes: the horse as a natural model for basic cellular research.. J Comp Pathol 2012 Aug-Oct;147(2-3):227-47.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.05.010pubmed: 22789861google scholar: lookup
  10. Dyment NA, Barrett JG, Awad HA, Bautista CA, Banes AJ, Butler DL. A brief history of tendon and ligament bioreactors: Impact and future prospects.. J Orthop Res 2020 Nov;38(11):2318-2330.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.24784pmc: PMC7722018pubmed: 32579266google scholar: lookup
  11. Tan S, Selvaratnam L, Ahmad T. A Mini Review on the Basic Knowledge on Tendon: Revisiting the Normal & Injured Tendon.. J. Health Transl. Med. 2015;18:12–25.
  12. Kuo CK, Marturano JE, Tuan RS. Novel strategies in tendon and ligament tissue engineering: Advanced biomaterials and regeneration motifs.. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol 2010 Aug 20;2:20.
    doi: 10.1186/1758-2555-2-20pmc: PMC2939640pubmed: 20727171google scholar: lookup
  13. Caliari SR, Burdick JA. A practical guide to hydrogels for cell culture.. Nat Methods 2016 Apr 28;13(5):405-14.
    doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3839pmc: PMC5800304pubmed: 27123816google scholar: lookup
  14. Wu Y, Han Y, Wong YS, Fuh JYH. Fibre-based scaffolding techniques for tendon tissue engineering.. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018 Jul;12(7):1798-1821.
    doi: 10.1002/term.2701pubmed: 29757529google scholar: lookup
  15. Mũnoz Z, Shih H, Lin CC. Gelatin hydrogels formed by orthogonal thiol-norbornene photochemistry for cell encapsulation.. Biomater Sci 2014 Aug 30;2(8):1063-1072.
    doi: 10.1039/C4BM00070Fpubmed: 32482001google scholar: lookup
  16. Ruoslahti E. RGD and other recognition sequences for integrins.. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1996;12:697-715.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.12.1.697pubmed: 8970741google scholar: lookup
  17. Van Hoorick J, Tytgat L, Dobos A, Ottevaere H, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Ovsianikov A, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. (Photo-)crosslinkable Gelatin Derivatives for Biofabrication Applications.. 2019.
  18. Occhetta P, Visone R, Russo L, Cipolla L, Moretti M, Rasponi M. VA-086 methacrylate gelatine photopolymerizable hydrogels: A parametric study for highly biocompatible 3D cell embedding.. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015 Jun;103(6):2109-17.
    doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.35346pubmed: 25294368google scholar: lookup
  19. Rinoldi C, Costantini M, Kijeńska-Gawrońska E, Testa S, Fornetti E, Heljak M, Ćwiklińska M, Buda R, Baldi J, Cannata S, Guzowski J, Gargioli C, Khademhosseini A, Swieszkowski W. Tendon Tissue Engineering: Effects of Mechanical and Biochemical Stimulation on Stem Cell Alignment on Cell-Laden Hydrogel Yarns.. Adv Healthc Mater 2019 Apr;8(7):e1801218.
    doi: 10.1002/adhm.201801218pubmed: 30725521google scholar: lookup
  20. Ramos DM, Abdulmalik S, Arul MR, Rudraiah S, Laurencin CT, Mazzocca AD, Kumbar SG. Insulin immobilized PCL-cellulose acetate micro-nanostructured fibrous scaffolds for tendon tissue engineering.. Polym Adv Technol 2019 May;30(5):1205-1215.
    doi: 10.1002/pat.4553pmc: PMC6448803pubmed: 30956516google scholar: lookup
  21. Tytgat L, Van Damme L, Van Hoorick J, Declercq H, Thienpont H, Ottevaere H, Blondeel P, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Additive manufacturing of photo-crosslinked gelatin scaffolds for adipose tissue engineering.. Acta Biomater 2019 Aug;94:340-350.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.062pubmed: 31136829google scholar: lookup
  22. Van Hoorick J, Gruber P, Markovic M, Rollot M, Graulus GJ, Vagenende M, Tromayer M, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Martins JC, Baudis S, Ovsianikov A, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Highly Reactive Thiol-Norbornene Photo-Click Hydrogels: Toward Improved Processability.. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018 Jul;39(14):e1800181.
    doi: 10.1002/marc.201800181pubmed: 29888495google scholar: lookup
  23. Spicer CD. Hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering: The importance of polymer choice.. Polym. Chem. 2020;11:184–219.
    doi: 10.1039/C9PY01021Agoogle scholar: lookup
  24. Markovic M, Van Hoorick J, Hölzl K, Tromayer M, Gruber P, Nürnberger S, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S, Liska R, Ovsianikov A. Hybrid Tissue Engineering Scaffolds by Combination of Three-Dimensional Printing and Cell Photoencapsulation.. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2015 May;6(2):0210011-210017.
    doi: 10.1115/1.4031466pmc: PMC4714880pubmed: 26858826google scholar: lookup
  25. Van Den Bulcke AI, Bogdanov B, De Rooze N, Schacht EH, Cornelissen M, Berghmans H. Structural and rheological properties of methacrylamide modified gelatin hydrogels.. Biomacromolecules 2000 Spring;1(1):31-8.
    doi: 10.1021/bm990017dpubmed: 11709840google scholar: lookup
  26. Van Vlierberghe S, Schacht E, Dubruel P. Reversible gelatin-based hydrogels: Finetuning of material properties.. Eur. Polym. J. 2011;47:1039–1047.
    doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.02.015google scholar: lookup
  27. Lange-Consiglio A, Perrini C, Tasquier R, Deregibus MC, Camussi G, Pascucci L, Marini MG, Corradetti B, Bizzaro D, De Vita B, Romele P, Parolini O, Cremonesi F. Equine Amniotic Microvesicles and Their Anti-Inflammatory Potential in a Tenocyte Model In Vitro.. Stem Cells Dev 2016 Apr 15;25(8):610-21.
    doi: 10.1089/scd.2015.0348pubmed: 26914245google scholar: lookup
  28. De Schauwer C, Meyer E, Cornillie P, De Vliegher S, van de Walle GR, Hoogewijs M, Declercq H, Govaere J, Demeyere K, Cornelissen M, Van Soom A. Optimization of the isolation, culture, and characterization of equine umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stromal cells.. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011 Nov;17(11):1061-70.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0052pubmed: 21870941google scholar: lookup
  29. Handala L, Fiore T, Rouillé Y, Helle F. QuantIF: An ImageJ Macro to Automatically Determine the Percentage of Infected Cells after Immunofluorescence.. Viruses 2019 Feb 19;11(2).
    doi: 10.3390/v11020165pmc: PMC6410121pubmed: 30791409google scholar: lookup
  30. Skinner BM, Johnson EE. Nuclear morphologies: their diversity and functional relevance.. Chromosoma 2017 Mar;126(2):195-212.
    doi: 10.1007/s00412-016-0614-5pmc: PMC5371643pubmed: 27631793google scholar: lookup
  31. Patterson-Kane JC, Firth EC. Tendon, ligament, bone, and cartilage: Anatomy, physiology, and adaptations to exercise and training. The Athletic Horse: Principles and Practice of Equine Sports Medicine 2nd ed. Elsevier Inc.; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2014; pp. 202–242.
  32. Newman P, Galenano Niño JL, Graney P, Razal JM, Minett AI, Ribas J, Ovalle-Robles R, Biro M, Zreiqat H. Relationship between nanotopographical alignment and stem cell fate with live imaging and shape analysis.. Sci Rep 2016 Dec 2;6:37909.
    doi: 10.1038/srep37909pmc: PMC5133629pubmed: 27910868google scholar: lookup
  33. Roth SP, Schubert S, Scheibe P, Groß C, Brehm W, Burk J. Growth Factor-Mediated Tenogenic Induction of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Is Altered by the Microenvironment of Tendon Matrix.. Cell Transplant 2018 Oct;27(10):1434-1450.
    doi: 10.1177/0963689718792203pmc: PMC6180728pubmed: 30251565google scholar: lookup
  34. Ma PX. Scaffolds for tissue fabrication.. Mater. Today. 2004;7:30–40.
    doi: 10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00233-0google scholar: lookup
  35. Rodrigues MT, Reis RL, Gomes ME. Engineering tendon and ligament tissues: present developments towards successful clinical products.. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013 Sep;7(9):673-86.
    doi: 10.1002/term.1459pubmed: 22499564google scholar: lookup
  36. Park H, Guo X, Temenoff JS, Tabata Y, Caplan AI, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Effect of swelling ratio of injectable hydrogel composites on chondrogenic differentiation of encapsulated rabbit marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro.. Biomacromolecules 2009 Mar 9;10(3):541-6.
    doi: 10.1021/bm801197mpmc: PMC2765566pubmed: 19173557google scholar: lookup
  37. Bertlein S, Brown G, Lim KS, Jungst T, Boeck T, Blunk T, Tessmar J, Hooper GJ, Woodfield TBF, Groll J. Thiol-Ene Clickable Gelatin: A Platform Bioink for Multiple 3D Biofabrication Technologies.. Adv Mater 2017 Nov;29(44).
    doi: 10.1002/adma.201703404pubmed: 29044686google scholar: lookup
  38. Shih H, Greene T, Korc M, Lin CC. Modular and Adaptable Tumor Niche Prepared from Visible Light Initiated Thiol-Norbornene Photopolymerization.. Biomacromolecules 2016 Dec 12;17(12):3872-3882.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00931pmc: PMC5436726pubmed: 27936722google scholar: lookup
  39. Van Hoorick J, Dobos A, Markovic M, Gheysens T, Van Damme L, Gruber P, Tytgat L, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Dubruel P, Ovsianikov A, Van Vlierberghe S. Thiol-norbornene gelatin hydrogels: influence of thiolated crosslinker on network properties and high definition 3D printing.. Biofabrication 2020 Dec 31;13(1).
    doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/abc95fpubmed: 33176293google scholar: lookup
  40. Govoni M, Berardi AC, Muscari C, Campardelli R, Bonafè F, Guarnieri C, Reverchon E, Giordano E, Maffulli N, Della Porta G. (*) An Engineered Multiphase Three-Dimensional Microenvironment to Ensure the Controlled Delivery of Cyclic Strain and Human Growth Differentiation Factor 5 for the Tenogenic Commitment of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells.. Tissue Eng Part A 2017 Aug;23(15-16):811-822.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0407pubmed: 28401805google scholar: lookup
  41. Egerbacher M, Gabner S, Battisti S, Handschuh S. Tenocytes form a 3-D network and are connected via nanotubes.. J Anat 2020 Jan;236(1):165-170.
    doi: 10.1111/joa.13089pmc: PMC6904600pubmed: 31566719google scholar: lookup
  42. Rowlands AS, George PA, Cooper-White JJ. Directing osteogenic and myogenic differentiation of MSCs: interplay of stiffness and adhesive ligand presentation.. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008 Oct;295(4):C1037-44.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.67.2008pubmed: 18753317google scholar: lookup
  43. Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, Discher DE. Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification.. Cell 2006 Aug 25;126(4):677-89.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.044pubmed: 16923388google scholar: lookup
  44. Liu Y, Ramanath HS, Wang DA. Tendon tissue engineering using scaffold enhancing strategies.. Trends Biotechnol 2008 Apr;26(4):201-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.01.003pubmed: 18295915google scholar: lookup
  45. Freshney RI. Basic Principles of Cell Culture. Culture of Cells for Tissue Engineering John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2006; pp. 1–22.
  46. Yao L, Bestwick CS, Bestwick LA, Maffulli N, Aspden RM. Phenotypic drift in human tenocyte culture.. Tissue Eng 2006 Jul;12(7):1843-9.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.1843pubmed: 16889514google scholar: lookup
  47. Shih H, Lin CC. Photoclick Hydrogels Prepared from Functionalized Cyclodextrin and Poly(ethylene glycol) for Drug Delivery and in Situ Cell Encapsulation.. Biomacromolecules 2015 Jul 13;16(7):1915-23.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00471pmc: PMC5450649pubmed: 25996903google scholar: lookup
  48. Pavel M, Renna M, Park SJ, Menzies FM, Ricketts T, Füllgrabe J, Ashkenazi A, Frake RA, Lombarte AC, Bento CF, Franze K, Rubinsztein DC. Contact inhibition controls cell survival and proliferation via YAP/TAZ-autophagy axis.. Nat Commun 2018 Jul 27;9(1):2961.
    doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05388-xpmc: PMC6063886pubmed: 30054475google scholar: lookup
  49. McBeath R, Pirone DM, Nelson CM, Bhadriraju K, Chen CS. Cell shape, cytoskeletal tension, and RhoA regulate stem cell lineage commitment.. Dev Cell 2004 Apr;6(4):483-95.
    doi: 10.1016/S1534-5807(04)00075-9pubmed: 15068789google scholar: lookup
  50. Waheed A, Mazumder MAJ, Al-Ahmed A, Roy P, Ullah N. Cell Encapsulation. Springer Cham, Switzerland: 2019; pp. 377–427.

Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Azaman FA, Zhou K, Blanes-Martínez MDM, Brennan Fournet M, Devine DM. Bioresorbable Chitosan-Based Bone Regeneration Scaffold Using Various Bioceramics and the Alteration of Photoinitiator Concentration in an Extended UV Photocrosslinking Reaction. Gels 2022 Oct 28;8(11).
    doi: 10.3390/gels8110696pubmed: 36354604google scholar: lookup
  2. Pien N, Van de Maele Y, Parmentier L, Meeremans M, Mignon A, De Schauwer C, Peeters I, De Wilde L, Martens A, Mantovani D, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P. Design of an electrospun tubular construct combining a mechanical and biological approach to improve tendon repair. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2022 May 31;33(6):51.
    doi: 10.1007/s10856-022-06673-4pubmed: 35639212google scholar: lookup
  3. Meeremans M, Van de Walle GR, Van Vlierberghe S, De Schauwer C. The Lack of a Representative Tendinopathy Model Hampers Fundamental Mesenchymal Stem Cell Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021;9:651164.
    doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651164pubmed: 34012963google scholar: lookup
  4. Lin CC, Frahm E, Afolabi FO. Orthogonally Crosslinked Gelatin-Norbornene Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2024 Feb;24(2):e2300371.
    doi: 10.1002/mabi.202300371pubmed: 37748778google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.