FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Emerg Infect Dis / Equine West Nile encephalitis, United States.
Emerging infectious diseases2001; 7(4); 665-669; doi: 10.3201/eid0704.010412

Equine West Nile encephalitis, United States.

Abstract: After the 1999 outbreak of West Nile (WN) encephalitis in New York horses, a case definition was developed that specified the clinical signs, coupled with laboratory test results, required to classify cases of WN encephalitis in equines as either probable or confirmed. In 2000, 60 horses from seven states met the criteria for a confirmed case. The cumulative experience from clinical observations and diagnostic testing during the 1999 and 2000 outbreaks of WN encephalitis in horses will contribute to further refinement of diagnostic criteria.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2001-10-09 PubMed ID: 11589171PubMed Central: PMC2631754DOI: 10.3201/eid0704.010412Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the development of a case definition for West Nile (WN) encephalitis in horses following an outbreak in 1999, and how this was implemented to classify cases in 2000. The benefits of enhanced diagnostic criteria via cumulative clinical observations and diagnostic testing from these outbreaks are also discussed.

Development of a Case Definition for WN Encephalitis in Horses

  • The research was spurred by an outbreak of West Nile encephalitis among horses in New York in 1999.
  • In response to this outbreak, the scientists behind the study developed a case definition for the disease. This outlined the specific clinical signs that a horse might present alongside the laboratory test results necessary to diagnose the condition.
  • The case definition was to discern ‘confirmed’ and ‘probable’ cases of WN encephalitis in equines. This developed a more reliable method for identifying the scope and spread of disease during an outbreak.

Implementation of the Developed Case Definition

  • In 2000, the new case definition was applied in seven states, where sixty horses met the criteria for confirmed WN encephalitis.
  • This demonstrated the practical application of these diagnostic criteria. This allowed improved monitoring and response to another outbreak of the disease.

The Importance of Refining Diagnostic Criteria

  • Through practical experience – applying the case definition with the horses during the outbreaks of 1999 and 2000 – the scientists were able to glean useful data for further refinement of the diagnostic criteria.
  • Refining diagnostic criteria based on real-world experience is key in optimizing the approach to diagnosing, tracking and managing outbreaks like WN encephalitis in horses.
  • This procedure establishes a basis for continued improvement and adaptation of the case definition, as it allows for better-informed criteria to tackle future outbreaks.

Cite This Article

APA
Ostlund EN, Crom RL, Pedersen DD, Johnson DJ, Williams WO, Schmitt BJ. (2001). Equine West Nile encephalitis, United States. Emerg Infect Dis, 7(4), 665-669. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0704.010412

Publication

Emerging infectious diseases
ISSN: 1080-6040
NlmUniqueID: 9508155
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 7
Issue: 4
Pages: 665-669

Researcher Affiliations

Ostlund, E N
  • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1800 Dayton Ave., Ames, IA 50010-0844, USA. eileen.n.ostlund@aphis.usda.gov
Crom, R L
    Pedersen, D D
      Johnson, D J
        Williams, W O
          Schmitt, B J

            MeSH Terms

            • Animals
            • Antibodies, Viral / blood
            • Antibodies, Viral / cerebrospinal fluid
            • Brain / pathology
            • Brain / virology
            • Chlorocebus aethiops
            • DNA, Viral / analysis
            • Disease Outbreaks
            • Horse Diseases / classification
            • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
            • Horse Diseases / immunology
            • Horse Diseases / physiopathology
            • Horses
            • Rabbits
            • Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
            • United States / epidemiology
            • Vero Cells
            • West Nile Fever / classification
            • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
            • West Nile Fever / physiopathology
            • West Nile Fever / veterinary
            • West Nile virus / genetics
            • West Nile virus / immunology
            • West Nile virus / isolation & purification
            • West Nile virus / physiology

            References

            This article includes 10 references
            1. Cantile C, Di Guardo G, Eleni C, Arispici M. Clinical and neuropathological features of West Nile virus equine encephalomyelitis in Italy.. Equine Vet J 2000 Jan;32(1):31-5.
              pubmed: 10661382doi: 10.2746/042516400777612080google scholar: lookup
            2. Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Mitchell CJ, Savage HM, Komar N, Panella NA, Allen BC, Volpe KE, Davis BS, Roehrig JT. Rapid detection of west nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay.. J Clin Microbiol 2000 Nov;38(11):4066-71.
              pubmed: 11060069doi: 10.1128/JCM.38.11.4066-4071.2000google scholar: lookup
            3. Ostlund EN, Andresen JE, Andresen M. West Nile encephalitis.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2000 Dec;16(3):427-41.
              pubmed: 11219341doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30087-1google scholar: lookup
            4. Johnson DJ, Ostlund EN, Pedersen DD, Schmitt BJ. Detection of North American West Nile virus in animal tissue by a reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction assay.. Emerg Infect Dis 2001 Jul-Aug;7(4):739-41.
              pubmed: 11585541doi: 10.3201/eid0704.010425google scholar: lookup
            5. . Update: Surveillance for West Nile virus in overwintering mosquitoes--New York, 2000.. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000 Mar 10;49(9):178-9.
              pubmed: 11795498
            6. Yeargan MR, Allen GP, Bryans JT. Rapid subtyping of equine herpesvirus 1 with monoclonal antibodies.. J Clin Microbiol 1985 May;21(5):694-7.
              pubmed: 2987299doi: 10.1128/jcm.21.5.694-697.1985google scholar: lookup
            7. Sahu SP, Alstad AD, Pedersen DD, Pearson JE. Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in horses by immunoglobulin M and G capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.. J Vet Diagn Invest 1994 Jan;6(1):34-8.
              pubmed: 8011779doi: 10.1177/104063879400600107google scholar: lookup
            8. Hubálek Z, Halouzka J. West Nile fever--a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe.. Emerg Infect Dis 1999 Sep-Oct;5(5):643-50.
              pubmed: 10511520doi: 10.3201/eid0505.990505google scholar: lookup
            9. Garmendia AE, Van Kruiningen HJ, French RA, Anderson JF, Andreadis TG, Kumar A, West AB. Recovery and identification of West Nile virus from a hawk in winter.. J Clin Microbiol 2000 Aug;38(8):3110-1.
              pubmed: 10921991doi: 10.1128/JCM.38.8.3110-3111.2000google scholar: lookup
            10. SCHMIDT JR, ELMANSOURY HK. NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF EGYPTIAN EQUINES WITH WEST NILE VIRUS.. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1963 Dec;57:415-27.
              pubmed: 14101930doi: 10.1080/00034983.1963.11686194google scholar: lookup

            Citations

            This article has been cited 38 times.
            1. Fehér OE, Fehérvári P, Tolnai CH, Forgách P, Malik P, Jerzsele Á, Wagenhoffer Z, Szenci O, Korbacska-Kutasi O. Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestation of West Nile Virus Infections of Equines in Hungary, 2007-2020.. Viruses 2022 Nov 18;14(11).
              doi: 10.3390/v14112551pubmed: 36423160google scholar: lookup
            2. Cavalleri JV, Korbacska-Kutasi O, Leblond A, Paillot R, Pusterla N, Steinmann E, Tomlinson J. European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe.. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Nov;36(6):1858-1871.
              doi: 10.1111/jvim.16581pubmed: 36367340google scholar: lookup
            3. Voegele KK, Boles ZM, Ullmann PV, Schroeter ER, Zheng W, Lacovara KJ. Soft Tissue and Biomolecular Preservation in Vertebrate Fossils from Glauconitic, Shallow Marine Sediments of the Hornerstown Formation, Edelman Fossil Park, New Jersey.. Biology (Basel) 2022 Aug 2;11(8).
              doi: 10.3390/biology11081161pubmed: 36009787google scholar: lookup
            4. Schroeter ER, Ullmann PV, Macauley K, Ash RD, Zheng W, Schweitzer MH, Lacovara KJ. Soft-Tissue, Rare Earth Element, and Molecular Analyses of Dreadnoughtus schrani, an Exceptionally Complete Titanosaur from Argentina.. Biology (Basel) 2022 Aug 2;11(8).
              doi: 10.3390/biology11081158pubmed: 36009785google scholar: lookup
            5. Bergmann F, Trachsel DS, Stoeckle SD, Bernis Sierra J, Lübke S, Groschup MH, Gehlen H, Ziegler U. Seroepidemiological Survey of West Nile Virus Infections in Horses from Berlin/Brandenburg and North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.. Viruses 2022 Jan 25;14(2).
              doi: 10.3390/v14020243pubmed: 35215837google scholar: lookup
            6. de Heus P, Kolodziejek J, Hubálek Z, Dimmel K, Racher V, Nowotny N, Cavalleri JV. West Nile Virus and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Are Endemic in Equids in Eastern Austria.. Viruses 2021 Sep 19;13(9).
              doi: 10.3390/v13091873pubmed: 34578454google scholar: lookup
            7. Humphreys JM, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Cohnstaedt LW, McGregor BL, Hanley KA, Hudson AR, Young KI, Peck D, Rodriguez LL, Peters DPC. Integrating Spatiotemporal Epidemiology, Eco-Phylogenetics, and Distributional Ecology to Assess West Nile Disease Risk in Horses.. Viruses 2021 Sep 12;13(9).
              doi: 10.3390/v13091811pubmed: 34578392google scholar: lookup
            8. Ullmann PV, Voegele KK, Grandstaff DE, Ash RD, Zheng W, Schroeter ER, Schweitzer MH, Lacovara KJ. Molecular tests support the viability of rare earth elements as proxies for fossil biomolecule preservation.. Sci Rep 2020 Sep 23;10(1):15566.
              doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72648-6pubmed: 32968129google scholar: lookup
            9. More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Dhollander S, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): West Nile fever.. EFSA J 2017 Aug;15(8):e04955.
              doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4955pubmed: 32625621google scholar: lookup
            10. Sotcheff S, Routh A. Understanding Flavivirus Capsid Protein Functions: The Tip of the Iceberg.. Pathogens 2020 Jan 5;9(1).
              doi: 10.3390/pathogens9010042pubmed: 31948047google scholar: lookup
            11. de Heus P, Kolodziejek J, Camp JV, Dimmel K, Bagó Z, Hubálek Z, van den Hoven R, Cavalleri JV, Nowotny N. Emergence of West Nile virus lineage 2 in Europe: Characteristics of the first seven cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease in horses in Austria.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020 May;67(3):1189-1197.
              doi: 10.1111/tbed.13452pubmed: 31840920google scholar: lookup
            12. Stejskalova K, Janova E, Horecky C, Horecka E, Vaclavek P, Hubalek Z, Relling K, Cvanova M, D'Amico G, Mihalca AD, Modry D, Knoll A, Horin P. Associations between the presence of specific antibodies to the West Nile Virus infection and candidate genes in Romanian horses from the Danube delta.. Mol Biol Rep 2019 Aug;46(4):4453-4461.
              doi: 10.1007/s11033-019-04900-wpubmed: 31175514google scholar: lookup
            13. Kumar B, Manuja A, Gulati BR, Virmani N, Tripathi BN. Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health.. Open Virol J 2018;12:80-98.
              doi: 10.2174/1874357901812010080pubmed: 30288197google scholar: lookup
            14. Schroeter ER, DeHart CJ, Schweitzer MH, Thomas PM, Kelleher NL. Bone protein "extractomics": comparing the efficiency of bone protein extractions of Gallus gallus in tandem mass spectrometry, with an eye towards paleoproteomics.. PeerJ 2016;4:e2603.
              doi: 10.7717/peerj.2603pubmed: 27812413google scholar: lookup
            15. Suen WW, Uddin MJ, Wang W, Brown V, Adney DR, Broad N, Prow NA, Bowen RA, Hall RA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Experimental West Nile Virus Infection in Rabbits: An Alternative Model for Studying Induction of Disease and Virus Control.. Pathogens 2015 Jul 14;4(3):529-58.
              doi: 10.3390/pathogens4030529pubmed: 26184326google scholar: lookup
            16. van den Hurk AF, Hall-Mendelin S, Webb CE, Tan CS, Frentiu FD, Prow NA, Hall RA. Role of enhanced vector transmission of a new West Nile virus strain in an outbreak of equine disease in Australia in 2011.. Parasit Vectors 2014 Dec 12;7:586.
              doi: 10.1186/s13071-014-0586-3pubmed: 25499981google scholar: lookup
            17. Prow NA, Hewlett EK, Faddy HM, Coiacetto F, Wang W, Cox T, Hall RA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. The Australian Public is Still Vulnerable to Emerging Virulent Strains of West Nile Virus.. Front Public Health 2014;2:146.
              doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00146pubmed: 25279370google scholar: lookup
            18. Mulatti P, Mazzucato M, Montarsi F, Ciocchetta S, Capelli G, Bonfanti L, Marangon S. Retrospective space-time analysis methods to support West Nile virus surveillance activities.. Epidemiol Infect 2015 Jan;143(1):202-13.
              doi: 10.1017/S0950268814000442pubmed: 24641869google scholar: lookup
            19. Prow NA. The changing epidemiology of Kunjin virus in Australia.. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013 Nov 25;10(12):6255-72.
              doi: 10.3390/ijerph10126255pubmed: 24287851google scholar: lookup
            20. Angenvoort J, Brault AC, Bowen RA, Groschup MH. West Nile viral infection of equids.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):168-80.
              doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.013pubmed: 24035480google scholar: lookup
            21. Iyer AV, Kousoulas KG. A review of vaccine approaches for West Nile virus.. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013 Sep 10;10(9):4200-23.
              doi: 10.3390/ijerph10094200pubmed: 24025396google scholar: lookup
            22. Yazici Z, Albayrak H, Ozan E, Gumusova S. The first investigation of west nile virus in horses using real time rt-PCR in middle black sea region in Turkey.. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2012 Dec;6(2):151-5.
              pubmed: 23378973
            23. Onmaz AC, Beutel RG, Schneeberg K, Pavaloiu AN, Komarek A, van den Hoven R. Vectors and vector-borne diseases of horses.. Vet Res Commun 2013 Mar;37(1):65-81.
              doi: 10.1007/s11259-012-9537-7pubmed: 23054414google scholar: lookup
            24. Hobson-Peters J. Approaches for the development of rapid serological assays for surveillance and diagnosis of infections caused by zoonotic flaviviruses of the Japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex.. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012;2012:379738.
              doi: 10.1155/2012/379738pubmed: 22570528google scholar: lookup
            25. Frost MJ, Zhang J, Edmonds JH, Prow NA, Gu X, Davis R, Hornitzky C, Arzey KE, Finlaison D, Hick P, Read A, Hobson-Peters J, May FJ, Doggett SL, Haniotis J, Russell RC, Hall RA, Khromykh AA, Kirkland PD. Characterization of virulent West Nile virus Kunjin strain, Australia, 2011.. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 May;18(5):792-800.
              doi: 10.3201/eid1805.111720pubmed: 22516173google scholar: lookup
            26. Franson JC, Hofmeister EK, Collins GH, Dusek RJ. Seroprevalence of West Nile virus in feral horses on Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada, United States.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011 Apr;84(4):637-40.
              doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0467pubmed: 21460023google scholar: lookup
            27. Monini M, Falcone E, Busani L, Romi R, Ruggeri FM. West nile virus: characteristics of an african virus adapting to the third millennium world.. Open Virol J 2010 Apr 22;4:42-51.
              doi: 10.2174/1874357901004020042pubmed: 20517488google scholar: lookup
            28. Appler KK, Brown AN, Stewart BS, Behr MJ, Demarest VL, Wong SJ, Bernard KA. Persistence of West Nile virus in the central nervous system and periphery of mice.. PLoS One 2010 May 14;5(5):e10649.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010649pubmed: 20498839google scholar: lookup
            29. Rios JJ, Fleming JG, Bryant UK, Carter CN, Huber JC, Long MT, Spencer TE, Adelson DL. OAS1 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to West Nile encephalitis in horses.. PLoS One 2010 May 7;5(5):e10537.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010537pubmed: 20479874google scholar: lookup
            30. Ndiva Mongoh M, Hearne R, Dyer NW, Khaitsa ML. The economic impact of West Nile virus infection in horses in the North Dakota equine industry in 2002.. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008 Jan;40(1):69-76.
              doi: 10.1007/s11250-007-9055-8pubmed: 18551781google scholar: lookup
            31. Epp T, Waldner C, West K, Townsend H. Factors associated with West Nile virus disease fatalities in horses.. Can Vet J 2007 Nov;48(11):1137-45.
              pubmed: 18050794
            32. Epp T, Waldner C, Leighton FA, Berke O, Townsend HG. Seroprevalence and risk factors for infection with West Nile virus in Saskatchewan horses, 2003.. Can J Vet Res 2007 Oct;71(4):256-63.
              pubmed: 17955899
            33. Lian M, Warner RD, Alexander JL, Dixon KR. Using geographic information systems and spatial and space-time scan statistics for a population-based risk analysis of the 2002 equine West Nile epidemic in six contiguous regions of Texas.. Int J Health Geogr 2007 Sep 21;6:42.
              doi: 10.1186/1476-072X-6-42pubmed: 17888159google scholar: lookup
            34. Seino KK, Long MT, Gibbs EP, Bowen RA, Beachboard SE, Humphrey PP, Dixon MA, Bourgeois MA. Comparative efficacies of three commercially available vaccines against West Nile Virus (WNV) in a short-duration challenge trial involving an equine WNV encephalitis model.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007 Nov;14(11):1465-71.
              doi: 10.1128/CVI.00249-07pubmed: 17687109google scholar: lookup
            35. Mongoh MN, Khaitsa ML, Dyer NW. Environmental and ecological determinants of West Nile virus occurrence in horses in North Dakota, 2002.. Epidemiol Infect 2007 Jan;135(1):57-66.
              doi: 10.1017/S0950268806006662pubmed: 16753077google scholar: lookup
            36. Weese JS, Baird JD, DeLay J, Kenney DG, Staempfli HR, Viel L, Parent J, Smith-Maxie L, Poma R. West Nile virus encephalomyelitis in horses in Ontario: 28 cases.. Can Vet J 2003 Jun;44(6):469-73.
              pubmed: 12839240
            37. Autorino GL, Battisti A, Deubel V, Ferrari G, Forletta R, Giovannini A, Lelli R, Murri S, Scicluna MT. West Nile virus epidemic in horses, Tuscany region, Italy.. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Dec;8(12):1372-8.
              doi: 10.3201/eid0812.020234pubmed: 12498650google scholar: lookup
            38. Durand B, Chevalier V, Pouillot R, Labie J, Marendat I, Murgue B, Zeller H, Zientara S. West Nile virus outbreak in horses, southern France, 2000: results of a serosurvey.. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Aug;8(8):777-82.
              doi: 10.3201/eid0808.010486pubmed: 12141961google scholar: lookup
            Subscribe to our newsletter
            Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.