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Australian veterinary journal2025; 103(10); 693-714; doi: 10.1111/avj.13462

Equine zoonotic disease risks in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities: a critical review.

Abstract: Since their arrival in the 1700s, horses have played a significant role in shaping the identity of rural and remote communities. However, Indigenous perspectives on the historical role of horses in communities have been largely underrepresented. In remote regions, where access to veterinary and medical services is limited, interactions between people and free-roaming horses present a potential risk for zoonotic disease transmission. This review identifies potential pathways for the transmission of equine zoonoses in rural and remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, aiming to inform participatory prevention programs. Despite an expansive review across 20 databases, only six studies discussed the risk factors and transmission pathways for equine zoonoses in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Across these six studies, five equine zoonoses were discussed, including diseases caused by Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Hendra virus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. These studies cover only a small portion of the equine zoonoses that can potentially impact public health. The review also discusses the role of emerging equine zoonoses, including those caused by Chlamydia psittaci and vector-borne viruses, such as Ross River virus, West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. Together, these studies emphasise the need for greater focus on One Health in remote Australian communities. Recommendations for participatory approaches to disease prevention and key areas for future research on zoonotic disease transmission in these regions are also provided.
© 2025 Australian Veterinary Association.
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Publication Date: 2025-06-22 PubMed ID: 40545450DOI: 10.1111/avj.13462Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This article reviews the risk of diseases that can be transmitted from horses to humans (equine zoonoses) in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in Australia.
  • It highlights limited research on this topic, identifies specific disease risks, and suggests more inclusive and community-focused approaches to prevent outbreaks.

Context and Importance of the Study

  • Horses have been integral to rural and remote Australian communities since the 1700s, influencing their cultural identity and daily life.
  • However, Indigenous views and historical knowledge about horses are underrepresented in scientific research.
  • Remote communities often have limited access to veterinary and medical services, increasing potential health risks.
  • Free-roaming horses interact regularly with people, creating pathways for zoonotic diseases—illnesses transmitted from animals to humans.

Research Aim and Methodology

  • The review aimed to identify how equine zoonoses might be transmitted in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and to inform disease prevention efforts through participatory methods.
  • It involved an extensive literature search across 20 databases to gather studies relevant to this topic.
  • Despite the broad search, the review found only six studies that addressed risk factors and transmission pathways of equine zoonotic diseases in these populations.

Findings: Equine Zoonoses Identified

  • The six studies documented five diseases affecting human health linked to horses:
    • Giardia — a waterborne parasite causing gastrointestinal illness.
    • Cryptosporidium — another parasite causing diarrhea, often from contaminated water.
    • Hendra virus — a severe viral infection transmitted from horses to humans, often fatal without treatment.
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) — a type of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection that can be transmitted through close contact.
    • Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus — a bacterial infection linked to horses that can cause respiratory or other illness in humans.
  • The article notes that these represent only a fraction of the potential equine zoonoses affecting public health.

Emerging Equine Zoonoses

  • The review also discusses emerging diseases that pose new or underrecognized risks, including:
    • Chlamydia psittaci — a bacterial infection that can infect humans and horses.
    • Vector-borne viruses such as:
      • Ross River virus
      • West Nile virus
      • Japanese encephalitis virus
  • These viruses can be transmitted through mosquitoes, making horses potential reservoirs or indicators of outbreaks.

Implications for Public Health and One Health Approach

  • There is a critical need to adopt a One Health perspective, integrating human, animal, and environmental health strategies in remote Australian communities.
  • The limited number of studies indicates a gap in understanding the full extent of zoonotic risks from horses to Indigenous populations.
  • Engaging Indigenous communities in participatory disease prevention programs can improve effectiveness and cultural relevance.
  • Preventative approaches should consider local knowledge, environmental conditions, and access challenges to healthcare and veterinary services.

Recommendations and Future Research

  • Promote participatory approaches that involve Indigenous peoples in identifying risks and designing prevention strategies.
  • Expand research to investigate a broader range of equine zoonoses and transmission pathways in remote communities.
  • Improve surveillance of both known and emerging equine zoonotic diseases.
  • Increase access to veterinary care and health education tailored to the cultural context of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
  • Develop integrated One Health frameworks that address the interconnectedness of animal, human, and environmental health factors.

Cite This Article

APA
Christofi E, Hoopes J, El-Hage C, Coffin J, Riley T, Cumming B. (2025). Equine zoonotic disease risks in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities: a critical review. Aust Vet J, 103(10), 693-714. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.13462

Publication

Australian veterinary journal
ISSN: 1751-0813
NlmUniqueID: 0370616
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 103
Issue: 10
Pages: 693-714

Researcher Affiliations

Christofi, E
  • Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Hoopes, J
  • Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities (AMRRIC), Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
El-Hage, C
  • Faculty of Science, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
Coffin, J
  • Ngangk Yira Institute for Change, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
Riley, T
  • National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
Cumming, B
  • Animal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities (AMRRIC), Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Zoonoses / epidemiology
  • Zoonoses / transmission
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horse Diseases / transmission
  • Humans
  • Australia / epidemiology
  • Risk Factors

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