FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Intern Med / Estimation of glomerular filtration rate by plasma clearance...
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2019; 33(6); 2765-2769; doi: 10.1111/jvim.15642

Estimation of glomerular filtration rate by plasma clearance of iohexol in healthy horses of various ages.

Abstract: Plasma clearance of iohexol is a reliable method to assess the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The relationship between aging and GFR in horses is unclear. To compare GFR estimated by iohexol clearance in horses of different ages. Twenty-one clinically healthy horses were enrolled. Prospective study. Groups: (A) composed by 8 young horses (≤14 years old) with serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dL, (B) by 7 aged horses (≥20 years old) with serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dL, and (C) by 6 aged horses (≥20 years old) with serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL. Iohexol was injected (75.5 mg/kg) through an IV catheter, and plasma samples were collected 5, 30, and 90 minutes later. Plasma clearance of iohexol was obtained by the high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet method. The GFR was 2.6, 2.1, and 1.45 mL/min/kg (median value) in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. Statistical analysis showed differences between Group A versus B and A versus C for urea, and A versus C for creatinine and GFR. Glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced in aged horses with serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL compared to young horses with creatinine <1.5 mg/dL; no differences were obtained between young and aged horses with creatinine <1.5 mg/dL. Glomerular filtration rate evaluation should be considered in aged horses even if the plasma creatinine values are normal.
© 2019 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-10-30 PubMed ID: 31663649PubMed Central: PMC6872606DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15642Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research examines the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in horses of different ages using a method based on plasma clearance of iohexol. The study finds that the GFR is significantly reduced in older horses with higher levels of serum creatinine.

Methodology

  • For this prospective study, 21 clinically healthy horses were divided into three groups based on their age and serum creatinine levels.
  • Group A consisted of eight young horses (14 years or less) with serum creatinine levels less than 1.5 mg/dL. Group B was formed by seven older horses (20 years or more) with serum creatinine levels below 1.5 mg/dL. Lastly, group C was composed of six older horses (20 years or more) with serum creatinine levels equal to or higher than 1.5 mg/dL.
  • Iohexol, a contrast agent, was injected into the horses via an intravenous catheter. Blood samples were taken at the 5, 30 and 90 minute marks after injection. The plasma clearance of iohexol was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet method.

Results

  • GFR levels differ among groups: Group A had the highest median GFR value of 2.6 mL/min/kg, followed by Group B with 2.1 mL/min/kg, and Group C with the lowest value at 1.45 mL/min/kg.
  • Statistical analysis showed significant differences in urea levels between group A and both group B and C. Additionally, there were notable differences in creatinine and GFR levels between group A and C.
  • In particular, it was observed that aged horses with serum creatinine levels equal or higher than 1.5 mg/dL (group C) had a significantly decreased GFR compared to younger horses with creatinine levels less than 1.5 mg/dL (group A). Meanwhile, no significant differences were noted between young and aged horses with serum creatinine levels below 1.5 mg/dL.

Conclusion

  • The study recommends consideration of GFR evaluation for older horses, even if plasma creatinine levels are within the normal range.

Cite This Article

APA
(2019). Estimation of glomerular filtration rate by plasma clearance of iohexol in healthy horses of various ages. J Vet Intern Med, 33(6), 2765-2769. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15642

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 33
Issue: 6
Pages: 2765-2769

Researcher Affiliations

MeSH Terms

  • Aging
  • Animals
  • Contrast Media / pharmacokinetics
  • Glomerular Filtration Rate / physiology
  • Glomerular Filtration Rate / veterinary
  • Horses / physiology
  • Iohexol / pharmacokinetics
  • Male

Grant Funding

  • Universitu00e0 di Pisa

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 22 references
  1. Weinstein JR, Anderson S. The aging kidney: physiological changes.. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2010 Jul;17(4):302-7.
    pmc: PMC2901622pubmed: 20610357doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2010.05.002google scholar: lookup
  2. Cianciolo RE, Benali SL, Aresu L. Aging in the Canine Kidney.. Vet Pathol 2016 Mar;53(2):299-308.
    pubmed: 26508694doi: 10.1177/0300985815612153google scholar: lookup
  3. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States.. JAMA 2007 Nov 7;298(17):2038-47.
    pubmed: 17986697doi: 10.1001/jama.298.17.2038google scholar: lookup
  4. Rowe JW, Andres R, Tobin JD, Norris AH, Shock NW. The effect of age on creatinine clearance in men: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study.. J Gerontol 1976 Mar;31(2):155-63.
    pubmed: 1249404doi: 10.1093/geronj/31.2.155google scholar: lookup
  5. Holdstock NB, Ousey JC, Rossdale PD. Glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, blood pressure and pulse rate in the equine neonate during the first 10 days post partum.. Equine Vet J 1998 Jul;30(4):335-43.
    pubmed: 9705118doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04107.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  6. Wilson KE, Wilcke JR, Crisman MV, Ward DL, McKenzie HC, Scarratt WK. Comparison of serum iohexol clearance and plasma creatinine clearance in clinically normal horses.. Am J Vet Res 2009 Dec;70(12):1545-50.
    pubmed: 19951127doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.12.1545google scholar: lookup
  7. Meucci V, Sgorbini M, Bonelli F. Determination of glomerular filtration rate in adult horses and donkeys by single IV administration of iohexol. J Equine Vet Sci 2015;35(1):36‐40.
  8. Gonda KC, Wilcke JR, Crisman MV, Ward DL, Robertson JL, Finco DR, Braselton WE. Evaluation of iohexol clearance used to estimate glomerular filtration rate in clinically normal foals.. Am J Vet Res 2003 Dec;64(12):1486-90.
    pubmed: 14672425doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1486google scholar: lookup
  9. Mellor DJ, Love S, Gettinby G, Reid SW. Demographic characteristics of the equine population of northern Britain.. Vet Rec 1999 Sep 11;145(11):299-304.
    pubmed: 10515615doi: 10.1136/vr.145.11.299google scholar: lookup
  10. Brosnahan MM, Paradis MR. Demographic and clinical characteristics of geriatric horses: 467 cases (1989-1999).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003 Jul 1;223(1):93-8.
    pubmed: 12839071doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.93google scholar: lookup
  11. Zhang Y, Huo M, Zhou J, Xie S. PKSolver: An add-in program for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data analysis in Microsoft Excel.. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2010 Sep;99(3):306-14.
    pubmed: 20176408doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2010.01.007google scholar: lookup
  12. Laroute V, Lefebvre HP, Costes G, Toutain PL. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow in the conscious beagle dog by single intravenous bolus of iohexol and p-aminohippuric acid.. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 1999 Feb;41(1):17-25.
    pubmed: 10507754doi: 10.1016/s1056-8719(99)00016-7google scholar: lookup
  13. Zhongchi L, Zhao W. Aging kidney and aging related disease In: Zhao W, ed. Aging and Aging‐Related Diseases Mechanism and Interventions. 1st ed. Beijing: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd; 2018:169‐187.
  14. Kaplan C, Pasternack B, Shah H, Gallo G. Age-related incidence of sclerotic glomeruli in human kidneys.. Am J Pathol 1975 Aug;80(2):227-34.
    pmc: PMC1912918pubmed: 51591
  15. Brenner BM. Hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury and the progressive nature of kidney disease.. Kidney Int 1983 Apr;23(4):647-55.
    pubmed: 6336299doi: 10.1038/ki.1983.72google scholar: lookup
  16. McCarthy RA, Steffens WL, Brown CA, Brown SA, Ard M, Finco DR. Effects of dietary protein on glomerular mesangial area and basement membrane thickness in aged uninephrectomized dogs.. Can J Vet Res 2001 Apr;65(2):125-30.
    pmc: PMC1189659pubmed: 11346257
  17. Rule AD, Amer H, Cornell LD, Taler SJ, Cosio FG, Kremers WK, Textor SC, Stegall MD. The association between age and nephrosclerosis on renal biopsy among healthy adults.. Ann Intern Med 2010 May 4;152(9):561-7.
    pmc: PMC2864956pubmed: 20439574doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-9-201005040-00006google scholar: lookup
  18. Morrissey PE, Yango AF. Renal transplantation: older recipients and donors.. Clin Geriatr Med 2006 Aug;22(3):687-707.
    pubmed: 16860254doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2006.04.005google scholar: lookup
  19. Laroute V, Chetboul V, Roche L, Maurey C, Costes G, Pouchelon JL, De La Farge F, Boussouf M, Lefebvre HP. Quantitative evaluation of renal function in healthy Beagle puppies and mature dogs.. Res Vet Sci 2005 Oct;79(2):161-7.
    pubmed: 15924934doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.11.011google scholar: lookup
  20. Bexfield NH, Heiene R, Gerritsen RJ, Risøen U, Eliassen KA, Herrtage ME, Michell AR. Glomerular filtration rate estimated by 3-sample plasma clearance of iohexol in 118 healthy dogs.. J Vet Intern Med 2008 Jan-Feb;22(1):66-73.
    pubmed: 18289291doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0035.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  21. Cozzi B, Ballarin C, Mantovani R, Rota A. Aging and Veterinary Care of Cats, Dogs, and Horses through the Records of Three University Veterinary Hospitals.. Front Vet Sci 2017;4:14.
    pmc: PMC5306394pubmed: 28261586doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00014google scholar: lookup
  22. Lefevbre HP. Renal function testing In: Bartges J, Polzin DJ, eds. Nephrology and Urology of Small Animals. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2011:91‐96.

Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Song Y, Day CM, Afinjuomo F, Tan JE, Page SW, Garg S. Advanced Strategies of Drug Delivery via Oral, Topical, and Parenteral Administration Routes: Where Do Equine Medications Stand?. Pharmaceutics 2023 Jan 4;15(1).
    doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010186pubmed: 36678815google scholar: lookup
  2. Baklouti S, Concordet D, Borromeo V, Pocar P, Scarpa P, Cagnardi P. Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Iohexol in Dogs to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate and Optimize Sampling Time. Front Pharmacol 2021;12:634404.
    doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.634404pubmed: 33995036google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.