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BMC veterinary research2016; 12; 46; doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0670-3

Evaluation of chemical castration with calcium chloride versus surgical castration in donkeys: testosterone as an endpoint marker.

Abstract: For the last few years, researchers have been interested in developing a method for chemical sterilization which may be a better alternative to surgical castration. An ideal chemical sterilant would be one that effectively arrests spermatogenesis and androgenesis as well as libido with absence of toxic or other side effects. Calcium chloride in various solutions and concentrations has been tested in many animal species, but few studies have been evaluated it in equines as a chemical sterilant. So, the objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of chemical castration with 20% calcium chloride dissolved in absolute ethanol in comparison with surgical castration in donkeys based on the changes in the serum testosterone level and the histopathological changes in treated testes. Methods: Twelve clinically healthy adult male donkeys were used in this study. Donkeys were divided randomly and equally into two groups: a surgical (S) group (n = 6) and a chemical (C) group (n = 6). Animals in the (S) group were subjected to surgical castration while those in the (C) group received a single bilateral intratesticular injection of 20% calcium chloride dissolved in absolute ethanol (20 ml/testis). Animals were kept under clinical observation for 60 days. Changes in animals' behavior and gross changes in external genitalia were monitored daily. Serum concentrations of testosterone were measured prior to treatment and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days post-treatment. Testicles in the (C) group were examined histopathologically at the end of the experiment. Results: Chemical castration with intratesticular calcium chloride vs. surgical castration failed to reduce serum concentrations of testosterone throughout the whole duration of the study; however it induced orchitis that was evident by focal necrotic areas in seminiferous tubules, cellular infiltration of neutrophils, proliferative intertubular fibrosis with a compensatory proliferation of Leydig cells. Donkeys tolerated the intratesticular injection of calcium chloride. There were no detectable changes in the general health status of the animals with the exception of swelling in external genitalia, scrotal ulcerations and fistulas. Food and water consumption and the gait of animals remained unaffected. Conclusions: Intratesticular calcium chloride can't be considered an effective method for chemical castration in donkeys.
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Publication Date: 2016-03-08 PubMed ID: 26956100PubMed Central: PMC4784444DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0670-3Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using chemical castration with calcium chloride as an alternative to traditional surgical castration in donkeys. However, the results showed that this chemical method failed to reduce testosterone levels and induced adverse side effects, concluding that it is not an effective method for castration in donkeys.

Objective and Methodology of the Research

  • The primary objective of this research was to analyze the clinical effectiveness of chemical castration using calcium chloride compared to surgical castration in donkeys. This was determined based on changes in serum testosterone levels and histopathological changes in the treated testes.
  • The study involved twelve healthy adult male donkeys, which were randomly divided into two groups. Group S underwent surgical castration, while Group C received a single bilateral intratesticular injection of 20% calcium chloride.
  • The study monitored the changes in the animals’ behavior and physical changes in their external genitalia daily for 60 days. Also, they measured the serum concentrations of testosterone before the treatment and several times post-treatment. At the end of the experiment, the testicles in Group C were examined histopathologically.

Results of the Research

  • The main finding of this study was that chemical castration with calcium chloride failed to reduce serum concentrations of testosterone during the entire study duration.
  • In addition to not reducing testosterone levels, the procedure induced orchitis, as evident by focal necrotic areas in seminiferous tubules, cellular infiltration of neutrophils, and proliferative intertubular fibrosis with compensatory proliferation of Leydig cells.
  • Despite these unfavorable effects, donkeys generally tolerated the intratesticular injection of calcium chloride. There were no significant alterations in the animals’ general health apart from swelling in external genitalia, scrotal ulcerations, and fistulas. The animals’ food and water intake and gait were unaffected.

Conclusions of the Research

  • In light of the results, the study concluded that intratesticular calcium chloride is not an effective method for chemical castration in donkeys.
  • This finding is valuable in the field of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, as it refutes the efficacy of calcium chloride as a sterilizing agent in these animals. The study propounds the need for more research to find more efficient and less harmful castration methods for donkeys.

Cite This Article

APA
Ibrahim A, Ali MM, Abou-Khalil NS, Ali MF. (2016). Evaluation of chemical castration with calcium chloride versus surgical castration in donkeys: testosterone as an endpoint marker. BMC Vet Res, 12, 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0670-3

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 12
Pages: 46
PII: 46

Researcher Affiliations

Ibrahim, Ahmed
  • Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, 70155, Egypt. elgrah38@gmail.com.
Ali, Magda M
  • Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, 70155, Egypt.
Abou-Khalil, Nasser S
  • Department of Medical physiology, Faculty of medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt.
Ali, Marwa F
  • Department of Pathology and clinical pathology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Calcium Chloride / administration & dosage
  • Calcium Chloride / pharmacology
  • Equidae / surgery
  • Male
  • Orchiectomy / veterinary
  • Testis / drug effects

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Citations

This article has been cited 10 times.
  1. Hamed MA, Amin YA, Mohamed RH, El-Adl M, Bazeed SM, Elnegiry AA, Shawki HH, Al-Lethie AA. Evaluation of chemical castration using intra-testicular injection of zinc gluconate into the testis of the male donkey versus surgical castration: antimullerian hormone as an endpoint marker. BMC Vet Res 2023 Sep 2;19(1):140.
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  2. Abou-Khalil NS, Ali MF, Ali MM, Ibrahim A. Surgical castration versus chemical castration in donkeys: response of stress, lipid profile and redox potential biomarkers. BMC Vet Res 2020 Aug 26;16(1):310.
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  4. Ibrahim A, Ali MM, Abou-Khalil NS, Ali MF. Erratum to: Evaluation of chemical castration with calcium chloride versus surgical castration in donkeys: testosterone as an endpoint marker. BMC Vet Res 2016 Mar 23;12:61.
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