Evaluation of chromocystoscopy in the diagnosis of cystitis in female donkeys.
Abstract: Early detection of cystitis in equine is essential to improve the prognosis and outcome of therapy. However, the conventional white light endoscopy is not sufficiently accurate for this purpose. Hence, this study evaluated chromoendoscopy as a recent diagnostic tool for cystitis in female donkeys. For this purpose, 5 apparently normal donkeys (control group) and 5 female donkeys with cystitis (diseased group) were used. Physical and rectal examinations, urine analysis, white light cystoscopy, methylene blue-based chromoendoscopy and histopathology were performed in all animals. Turbid urine exhibiting an alkaline pH and a significant (P = .02) increase in the numbers of RBCs and WBCs was observed in the diseased group compared to the control one. In the control group, white light cystoscopy showed a smooth pale pink glistening mucosa with two openings of the ureters and visible submucosal blood vessels. During chromocystoscopy, faint bluish discoloration of the mucosal surface with clearly visible submucosal blood vessels was detectable. These findings were correlated with the histopathological findings of the biopsies collected from the urinary bladder. In the diseased group, white-light cystoscopy showed clearly visible blood vessels, mildly hyperaemic mucosa in focal or diffuse forms and small vesicle formation. Chromocystoscopy revealed dark bluish oedematous and irregular mucosa either in a focal form or a diffuse form (marbled appearance) with deeply stained submucosal blood vessels. Histopathologically, the urothelium was hyperplastic with squamous metaplasia and the lamina propria was infiltrated with few leukocytes and congested blood vessels. Small bluish dots representing the absorbed methylene blue dye were seen in the inflamed areas against the lightly stained mucosa of the bladder. Severe diffuse necrotic cystitis was also seen with bacterial aggregations on the surface. Gram's staining revealed both gram positive bacilli and Gram positive coccobacilli. In conclusion, chromoendoscopy is a helpful tool for early diagnosis of cystitis in female donkeys and enables targeted biopsies, which improves the prognosis and outcome of therapy.
Publication Date: 2018-08-29 PubMed ID: 30157228PubMed Central: PMC6114856DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202596Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This research investigates the use of chromoendoscopy, a newer diagnostic tool, in detecting cystitis in female donkeys. The results suggest that chromoendoscopy is more effective than traditional methods in early detection, improving prognosis and therapeutic outcomes.
Research Design and Methodology
- The study involved two groups of female donkeys: a control group of five healthy animals, and a diseased group of five donkeys with cystitis.
- Each animal underwent a series of tests, including physical and rectal exams, urine analysis, traditional white light cystoscopy, methylene blue-based chromoendoscopy, and histopathology.
- Observations and results were drawn from both the liquid (urine) and physical signs exhibited by the donkeys.
Research Findings
- In the diseased group, urine tests revealed cloudiness, an alkaline pH, and statistically significant increased counts of RBC and WBC.
- For the same group, white light cystoscopy showed noticeable blood vessels, hyperaemic mucosa in focal or diffuse forms, and small vesicle formation.
- Chromoendoscopy resulted in the mucosa appearing dark bluish, edematous and irregular either in a focal or diffuse form (marbled), with deeply stained blood vessels in the submucosa.
- The histopathology from the diseased group revealed a hyperplastic urothelium with squamous metaplasia and leukocyte-infiltrated lamina propria. Congested blood vessels, severe diffuse necrotic cystitis, bacterial aggregations and small blue dots indicating absorbed dye were also observed.
Implications and Conclusions
- Based on these findings, chromoendoscopy showed a more detailed view of the urinary bladder and provided clearer evidence of cystitis compared to the traditional method.
- The appearance of bluish dots signifying the absorbed methylene blue dye, specifically in inflamed areas, was key in distinguishing healthy tissue from diseased tissue.
- This research supports the use of chromoendoscopy as an effective tool for detecting cystitis in female donkeys at an early stage. Early detection can consequently improve prognosis and treatment outcomes.
Cite This Article
APA
Abd El Kader NA, Farghali HA, Abu-Seida AM, Salem NY, Khattab MS.
(2018).
Evaluation of chromocystoscopy in the diagnosis of cystitis in female donkeys.
PLoS One, 13(8), e0202596.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202596 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Biopsy
- Cystitis / diagnosis
- Cystitis / veterinary
- Cystoscopy / methods
- Equidae
- Female
- Mucous Membrane / pathology
- Urinary Bladder / diagnostic imaging
- Urinary Bladder / pathology
- Urothelium / diagnostic imaging
- Urothelium / pathology
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
References
This article includes 31 references
Citations
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