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Home / Equine Research Bank / PLoS One / Focal experimental injury leads to widespread gene expressio...
PloS one2015; 10(4); e0122220; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122220

Focal experimental injury leads to widespread gene expression and histologic changes in equine flexor tendons.

Abstract: It is not known how extensively a localised flexor tendon injury affects the entire tendon. This study examined the extent of and relationship between histopathologic and gene expression changes in equine superficial digital flexor tendon after a surgical injury. One forelimb tendon was hemi-transected in six horses, and in three other horses, one tendon underwent a sham operation. After euthanasia at six weeks, transected and control (sham and non-operated contralateral) tendons were regionally sampled (medial and lateral halves each divided into six 3 cm regions) for histologic (scoring and immunohistochemistry) and gene expression (real time PCR) analysis of extracellular matrix changes. The histopathology score was significantly higher in transected tendons compared to control tendons in all regions except for the most distal (P ≤ 0.03) with no differences between overstressed (medial) and stress-deprived (lateral) tendon halves. Proteoglycan scores were increased by transection in all but the most proximal region (P < 0.02), with increased immunostaining for aggrecan, biglycan and versican. After correcting for location within the tendon, gene expression for aggrecan, versican, biglycan, lumican, collagen types I, II and III, MMP14 and TIMP1 was increased in transected tendons compared with control tendons (P < 0.02) and decreased for ADAMTS4, MMP3 and TIMP3 (P < 0.001). Aggrecan, biglycan, fibromodulin, and collagen types I and III expression positively correlated with all histopathology scores (P < 0.001), whereas lumican, ADAMTS4 and MMP14 expression positively correlated only with collagen fiber malalignment (P < 0.001). In summary, histologic and associated gene expression changes were significant and widespread six weeks after injury to the equine SDFT, suggesting rapid and active development of tendinopathy throughout the entire length of the tendon. These extensive changes distant to the focal injury may contribute to poor functional outcomes and re-injury in clinical cases. Our data suggest that successful treatments of focal injuries will need to address pathology in the entire tendon, and that better methods to monitor the development and resolution of tendinopathy are required.
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Publication Date: 2015-04-02 PubMed ID: 25837713PubMed Central: PMC4383631DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122220Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the widespread histological and gene expression changes in flexor tendons of horses following a surgical injury. The study suggests that localized injuries of this nature significantly affect the entire tendon, leading to a rapid development of tendinopathy and potentially contributing to poor treatment outcomes and a higher likelihood of re-injury.

Methodology

  • The experimental setup involved a surgical half-transection of a single forelimb tendon in six horses, while a similar surgery, known as a sham operation, was carried out on one tendon in three other horses. The sham operation serves as a control measure, providing a comparison point for the surgical injury.
  • At six weeks post-surgery, the horses were euthanized and their injured tendons (the ones transected or sham-operated) were sampled for histological and gene expression analyses. This also included the non-operated contralateral tendons to be compared as control.

Findings: Histological Changes

  • The histopathology score, an indicator of tissue changes following an injury, was significantly higher in transected tendons as compared to the control tendons. This was true across all regions of the tendon, except the most distal ones.
  • Proteoglycan scores, indicative of proteins that heavily populate connective tissues like tendons, also showed an increase following transection in all but the most proximal regions of the tendons.

Findings: Gene Expression Changes

  • Post-surgery, the gene expression for components of the extracellular matrix (part of the tendon’s microenvironment), namely aggrecan, versican, biglycan, lumican, collagen types I, II, and III, Matrix metallopeptidase 14 (MMP14) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1(TIMP1) increased significantly in transected tendons compared to control tendons.
  • The gene expression for a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 (ADAMTS4), Matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP3) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3(TIMP3) decreased significantly following tendon transection.

Correlations & Implications

  • The research identified positive correlations between certain gene expressions and all histopathology scores. For instance, expressions of aggrecan, biglycan, fibromodulin, and collagen types I and III correlated positively with histopathology scores.
  • The findings imply that surgical injuries of tendons create widespread changes, not confined to the injury site. These changes may contribute to poor functional outcomes and an increased risk of re-injury, highlighting the need for therapeutic approaches addressing the entire tendon instead of a localized treatment. Furthermore, it underscores the necessity for better methods to monitor tendinopathy development and resolution.

Cite This Article

APA
Jacobson E, Dart AJ, Mondori T, Horadogoda N, Jeffcott LB, Little CB, Smith MM. (2015). Focal experimental injury leads to widespread gene expression and histologic changes in equine flexor tendons. PLoS One, 10(4), e0122220. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122220

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: e0122220
PII: e0122220

Researcher Affiliations

Jacobson, Else
    Dart, Andrew J
    • Research and Clinical Training Unit, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia.
    Mondori, Takamitsu
    • Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research (University of Sydney) at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
    Horadogoda, Neil
    • Research and Clinical Training Unit, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia.
    Jeffcott, Leo B
    • Research and Clinical Training Unit, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia.
    Little, Christopher B
    • Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research (University of Sydney) at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
    Smith, Margaret M
    • Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research (University of Sydney) at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.

    MeSH Terms

    • Animals
    • Extracellular Matrix Proteins / genetics
    • Extracellular Matrix Proteins / metabolism
    • Gene Expression
    • Horse Diseases / genetics
    • Horse Diseases / metabolism
    • Horse Diseases / pathology
    • Horses / genetics
    • Horses / injuries
    • Horses / metabolism
    • Immunohistochemistry
    • Male
    • Models, Biological
    • Proteoglycans / genetics
    • Proteoglycans / metabolism
    • Tendinopathy / genetics
    • Tendinopathy / metabolism
    • Tendinopathy / veterinary
    • Tendon Injuries / genetics
    • Tendon Injuries / metabolism
    • Tendon Injuries / veterinary
    • Tendons / metabolism
    • Tendons / pathology

    Conflict of Interest Statement

    The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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    Citations

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