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Home / Equine Research Bank / PLoS One / Four loci explain 83% of size variation in the horse.
PloS one2012; 7(7); e39929; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039929

Four loci explain 83% of size variation in the horse.

Abstract: Horse body size varies greatly due to intense selection within each breed. American Miniatures are less than one meter tall at the withers while Shires and Percherons can exceed two meters. The genetic basis for this variation is not known. We hypothesize that the breed population structure of the horse should simplify efforts to identify genes controlling size. In support of this, here we show with genome-wide association scans (GWAS) that genetic variation at just four loci can explain the great majority of horse size variation. Unlike humans, which are naturally reproducing and possess many genetic variants with weak effects on size, we show that horses, like other domestic mammals, carry just a small number of size loci with alleles of large effect. Furthermore, three of our horse size loci contain the LCORL, HMGA2 and ZFAT genes that have previously been found to control human height. The LCORL/NCAPG locus is also implicated in cattle growth and HMGA2 is associated with dog size. Extreme size diversification is a hallmark of domestication. Our results in the horse, complemented by the prior work in cattle and dog, serve to pinpoint those very few genes that have played major roles in the rapid evolution of size during domestication.
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Publication Date: 2012-07-11 PubMed ID: 22808074PubMed Central: PMC3394777DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039929Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper investigates the genetic basis behind the great variation in horse body sizes. Through genome-wide association scans, the study concludes that just four gene loci can explain 83% of the size variation in horses. This contrasts greatly with humans, where many genetic variants with slight effects exist. Three of these four gene loci have been linked to height in humans as well.

Genetic Selection for Size in Horse Breeds

  • The study focuses on the notable size difference in horses within the different breeds, with an incredible range of less than one meter to over two meters in height. This is largely due to the intense selective breeding practices specific to each breed.
  • Uncovering the biological reasons for size variation in horse breeds, the researchers hypothesized that the breed population structure of horses would simplify the task of identifying genes controlling size. This means that studying the genetic makeup within specific breeds could lead to clearer insights into the genetics of size in horses.

Notable Findings from Genome-wide Association Scans

  • Genome-wide association scans (GWAS), a method that scans the genomes of many individuals to find genetic variants associated with a particular trait, were used in the study.
  • The results revealed that variation at just four gene loci accounts for the majority of the size difference in horses. This finding carries significant implications, considering that humans, due to natural reproduction, have many more genetic variants influencing height.

Genes Associated with Size in Horses

  • Three of the four identified horse size loci contain the LCORL, HMGA2, and ZFAT genes that have also been known to influence human height. This suggests a potential shared genetic foundation for size across different species.
  • The LCORL/NCAPG locus, one of the identified gene loci, has previously been indicated in cattle growth, and the HMGA2 gene is associated with dog size. This furthers the notion of common genetic origins for size in various species.

Conclusion

  • The results of this study underscore that extreme size variation is a characteristic of domestication and that a few genes play a central role in the rapid evolution of size.
  • These findings are in line with previous studies on cattle and dogs, strengthening the indication towards a small set of major genes influencing size during the process of domestication.

Cite This Article

APA
Makvandi-Nejad S, Hoffman GE, Allen JJ, Chu E, Gu E, Chandler AM, Loredo AI, Bellone RR, Mezey JG, Brooks SA, Sutter NB. (2012). Four loci explain 83% of size variation in the horse. PLoS One, 7(7), e39929. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039929

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 7
Issue: 7
Pages: e39929
PII: e39929

Researcher Affiliations

Makvandi-Nejad, Shokouh
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
Hoffman, Gabriel E
    Allen, Jeremy J
      Chu, Erin
        Gu, Esther
          Chandler, Alyssa M
            Loredo, Ariel I
              Bellone, Rebecca R
                Mezey, Jason G
                  Brooks, Samantha A
                    Sutter, Nathan B

                      MeSH Terms

                      • Animals
                      • Body Size
                      • Breeding
                      • Cattle
                      • Cell Cycle Proteins / genetics
                      • Dogs
                      • Female
                      • Genetic Loci
                      • Genetic Variation
                      • Genome
                      • Genome-Wide Association Study
                      • HMGA2 Protein / genetics
                      • Haplotypes
                      • Horses / genetics
                      • Humans
                      • Male
                      • Transcription Factors / genetics
                      • Zinc Fingers

                      Conflict of Interest Statement

                      The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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