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Scientific reports2021; 11(1); 16565; doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96139-4

Gait change in tongue movement.

Abstract: During locomotion, humans switch gaits from walking to running, and horses from walking to trotting to cantering to galloping, as they increase their movement rate. It is unknown whether gait change leading to a wider movement rate range is limited to locomotive-type behaviours, or instead is a general property of any rate-varying motor system. The tongue during speech provides a motor system that can address this gap. In controlled speech experiments, using phrases containing complex tongue-movement sequences, we demonstrate distinct gaits in tongue movement at different speech rates. As speakers widen their tongue-front displacement range, they gain access to wider speech-rate ranges. At the widest displacement ranges, speakers also produce categorically different patterns for their slowest and fastest speech. Speakers with the narrowest tongue-front displacement ranges show one stable speech-gait pattern, and speakers with widest ranges show two. Critical fluctuation analysis of tongue motion over the time-course of speech revealed these speakers used greater effort at the beginning of phrases-such end-state-comfort effects indicate speech planning. Based on these findings, we expect that categorical motion solutions may emerge in any motor system, providing that system with access to wider movement-rate ranges.
© 2021. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2021-08-16 PubMed ID: 34400732PubMed Central: PMC8367994DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96139-4Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates whether the concept of gait change, typically associated with physical locomotion like walking or running, also applies to speech, particularly tongue movement. Findings demonstrate that speakers show different ‘gaits’ in tongue movement at varying speech rates, potentially influencing their capability to use wider speech-rate ranges.

Understanding Gait in Locomotion and Speech

  • The study begins by explaining the concept of gait change during locomotion. For example, humans change their gait from walking to running, while horses transition from walking to trotting, then cantering to galloping, as they increase their speed.
  • In contrast to previous assumptions that gait change is specific to locomotive behaviours, the researchers proposed that this might be a general attribute of any system that varies its rate, including speech.
  • The researchers focused specifically on tongue movements during speech as an example of such a motor system.

Experimentation and Findings

  • The researchers conducted controlled speech experiments involving complex sequences of tongue movements.
  • They found that speakers exhibited distinct gaits in their tongue movement at different speech rates.
  • Speakers who were able to achieve wider tongue-front displacement ranges could access wider speech-rate ranges.
  • When operating at the widest movement ranges, speakers produced different patterns for fast and slow speech. Those with a narrow range of tongue-front displacement typically showed one stable speech-gait pattern, while those with the widest ranges showed two.

Analysis of Speech Planning

  • The research team performed ‘Critical Fluctuation Analysis’ of the tongue movements over the course of the speech.
  • They discovered that these speakers exerted more effort at the beginning of phrases which was deduced by end-state-comfort effects, indicating the presence of pre-emptive speech planning.

Implications of the Study

  • The findings suggest that the categorization of motion solutions might emerge in any motor system as it provides the system with access to a wider range of movement rates. This is demonstrated in this study by how the tongue changes its movement patterns or ‘gait’ depending on the speed of speech.
  • The study therefore provides valuable insights into the mechanics of speech production, and adds depth to our understanding of motor systems beyond just physical locomotion.

Cite This Article

APA
Derrick D, Gick B. (2021). Gait change in tongue movement. Sci Rep, 11(1), 16565. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96139-4

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 16565
PII: 16565

Researcher Affiliations

Derrick, Donald
  • New Zealand Institute of Language, Brain, and Behaviour, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand. donald.derrick@canterbury.ac.nz.
Gick, Bryan
  • Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
  • Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, 06511-6695, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Movement / physiology
  • Speech / physiology
  • Speech Articulation Tests / instrumentation
  • Speech Articulation Tests / methods
  • Time Factors
  • Tongue / physiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Ting LH, Gick B, Kesar TM, Xu J. Ethnokinesiology: towards a neuromechanical understanding of cultural differences in movement. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024 Oct 7;379(1911):20230485.
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