FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Pharmacol / Gene Therapy Using Plasmid DNA Encoding VEGF164 and FGF2 Gen...
Frontiers in pharmacology2018; 9; 978; doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00978

Gene Therapy Using Plasmid DNA Encoding VEGF164 and FGF2 Genes: A Novel Treatment of Naturally Occurring Tendinitis and Desmitis in Horses.

Abstract: This clinical study describes the intralesional application of the plasmid DNA encoding two therapeutic species-specific growth factors: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF164) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in seven horses to restore naturally occurring injuries of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) (tendinitis) and in three horses with suspensory ligament branch desmitis. Following application all horses were able to commence a more rapid exercise program in comparison to standardized exercise programs. Clinical observation and ultrasonic imaging was used to evaluate the regeneration rate of the tendon and ligament injury recovery and to confirm the safety of this gene therapy in horses, throughout a 12 month period. Follow-up data of the horses revealed a positive outcome including significant ultrasonographic and clinical improvements in 8 out of 10 horses with SDFT and suspensory ligament branch lesions, with return to their pre-injury level of performance by 2-6 months after the completion of treatment. The ninth horse initially presenting with severe suspensory ligament branch desmopathy, showed no significant ultrasonographic improvements in the first 2 months after treatment, however, it improved clinically and became less lame. The final horse, presenting with severe tendinitis of the SDFT returned to their pre-injury level of performance, but experienced re-injury 6 months after treatment. This data is highly promising, however, further research in experimental models, with the histopathological, immunohistochemical and gene expression evaluation of the equine tendon/ligament after gene therapy application is required in order to fully understand the mechanisms of action. This treatment and the significant clinical impacts observed represents an important advancement in the field of medicine.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-08-31 PubMed ID: 30233367PubMed Central: PMC6127648DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00978Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study explores a new method of treating injury-causing conditions in horses, namely tendinitis and desmitis, with gene therapy. Genetic codes of growth factors (VEGF164 and FGF2) are introduced into the horse’s body to encourage tissue repair and facilitate faster recovery.

Gene Therapy Approach

  • The study involved injecting plasmid DNA, carrying the codes for two growth factors, directly into the horses’ tendon or ligament injury site.
  • The growth factors involved include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF164) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). These factors play a pivotal role in healing and regenerative processes.

Study Participants and Method

  • The research comprised seven horses with superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries, a condition analogous to tendinitis, and three horses with suspensory ligament branch desmitis—another type of inflammation.
  • After applying the gene therapy, the horses were observed and followed up over a 12-month period to track their recovery and document any side effects or undesirable outcomes.
  • The researchers used clinical observation and ultrasound imaging to evaluate the rate of recovery from tendon and ligament injuries.

Results and Outcomes

  • The horses were found to be able to return to their exercise routines more quickly than would normally be expected with conventional treatment methods.
  • The researchers found that the therapy produced significant improvements in 8 out of 10 horses, with a return to their pre-injury level of performance within 2-6 months after completion of treatment.
  • One of the horses, which had presented with severe suspensory ligament branch desmopathy, did not initially demonstrate significant ultrasonographic improvements, though clinically it was less lame.
  • The other horse, which had presented with severe tendinitis of the SDFT, returned to its pre-injury level of performance but experienced a re-injury 6 months after treatment.
  • Despite these variations, the overall results were promising, indicating that this line of treatment could become an important advancement in equine therapy.

Further Research

  • Despite the positive outcomes, the researchers recommend further in-depth study on this treatment – including examining the histopathological, immunohistochemical, and gene expression evaluations of the equine tendon/ligament after gene therapy application – to understand the exact mechanisms of action.

Cite This Article

APA
Kovac M, Litvin YA, Aliev RO, Zakirova EY, Rutland CS, Kiyasov AP, Rizvanov AA. (2018). Gene Therapy Using Plasmid DNA Encoding VEGF164 and FGF2 Genes: A Novel Treatment of Naturally Occurring Tendinitis and Desmitis in Horses. Front Pharmacol, 9, 978. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00978

Publication

Frontiers in pharmacology
ISSN: 1663-9812
NlmUniqueID: 101548923
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Pages: 978
PII: 978

Researcher Affiliations

Kovac, Milomir
  • Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia.
Litvin, Yaroslav A
  • Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
Aliev, Ruslan O
  • Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia.
Zakirova, Elena Y
  • Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
Rutland, Catrin S
  • School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Kiyasov, Andrey P
  • Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
Rizvanov, Albert A
  • Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.

References

This article includes 46 references
  1. Berglund ME, Hart DA, Reno C, Wiig M. Growth factor and protease expression during different phases of healing after rabbit deep flexor tendon repair.. J Orthop Res 2011 Jun;29(6):886-92.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.21330pubmed: 21246620google scholar: lookup
  2. Best TM, Gharaibeh B, Huard J. Stem cells, angiogenesis and muscle healing: a potential role in massage therapies?. Br J Sports Med 2013 Jun;47(9):556-60.
    doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091685pubmed: 23197410google scholar: lookup
  3. Bosch G, Moleman M, Barneveld A, van Weeren PR, van Schie HT. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on the neovascularization of surgically created equine superficial digital flexor tendon lesions.. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011 Aug;21(4):554-61.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01070.xpubmed: 20459479google scholar: lookup
  4. Brkovic A, Sirois MG. Vascular permeability induced by VEGF family members in vivo: role of endogenous PAF and NO synthesis.. J Cell Biochem 2007 Feb 15;100(3):727-37.
    doi: 10.1002/jcb.21124pubmed: 17115409google scholar: lookup
  5. Byrne AM, Bouchier-Hayes DJ, Harmey JH. Angiogenic and cell survival functions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).. J Cell Mol Med 2005 Oct-Dec;9(4):777-94.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00379.xpmc: PMC6740098pubmed: 16364190google scholar: lookup
  6. Carvalho Ade M, Badial PR, Álvarez LE, Yamada AL, Borges AS, Deffune E, Hussni CA, Garcia Alves AL. Equine tendonitis therapy using mesenchymal stem cells and platelet concentrates: a randomized controlled trial.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013 Jul 22;4(4):85.
    doi: 10.1186/scrt236pmc: PMC3854756pubmed: 23876512google scholar: lookup
  7. Deev R, Plaksa I, Bozo I, Isaev A. Results of an International Postmarketing Surveillance Study of pl-VEGF165 Safety and Efficacy in 210 Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease.. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2017 Jun;17(3):235-242.
    doi: 10.1007/s40256-016-0210-3pmc: PMC5435773pubmed: 28050885google scholar: lookup
  8. Deev RV, Bozo IY, Mzhavanadze ND, Voronov DA, Gavrilenko AV, Chervyakov YV, Staroverov IN, Kalinin RE, Shvalb PG, Isaev AA. pCMV-vegf165 Intramuscular Gene Transfer is an Effective Method of Treatment for Patients With Chronic Lower Limb Ischemia.. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2015 Sep;20(5):473-82.
    doi: 10.1177/1074248415574336pubmed: 25770117google scholar: lookup
  9. Docheva D, Müller SA, Majewski M, Evans CH. Biologics for tendon repair.. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015 Apr;84:222-39.
    doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.015pmc: PMC4519231pubmed: 25446135google scholar: lookup
  10. Dunbar CE, High KA, Joung JK, Kohn DB, Ozawa K, Sadelain M. Gene therapy comes of age.. Science 2018 Jan 12;359(6372).
    doi: 10.1126/science.aan4672pubmed: 29326244google scholar: lookup
  11. Dyson SJ. Medical management of superficial digital flexor tendonitis: a comparative study in 219 horses (1992-2000).. Equine Vet J 2004 Jul;36(5):415-9.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044868422pubmed: 15253082google scholar: lookup
  12. EMA. Reflection Paper on Design Modifications of Gene Therapy Medicinal Products During Development. .
  13. EMA. Guideline on the Non-clinical Studies Required Before First Clinical Use of Gene Therapy Medicinal Products. .
  14. EMA. Guideline on Follow-up of Patients Administered with Gene Therapy Medicinal Products. .
  15. Evans CH, Ghivizzani SC, Robbins PD. Orthopedic gene therapy in 2008.. Mol Ther 2009 Feb;17(2):231-44.
    doi: 10.1038/mt.2008.265pmc: PMC2835052pubmed: 19066598google scholar: lookup
  16. FDA. Considerations for Plasmid DNA Vaccines for Infectious Disease Indications. .
  17. FDA. Content and Review of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC) Information for Human Somatic Cell Therapy Investigational New Drug Applications (INDs). .
  18. Fenwick SA, Hazleman BL, Riley GP. The vasculature and its role in the damaged and healing tendon.. Arthritis Res 2002;4(4):252-60.
    doi: 10.1186/ar416pmc: PMC128932pubmed: 12106496google scholar: lookup
  19. Gillis CL. Rehabilitation of tendon and ligament injuries. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP (Davis, CA: University of California; ), 306–309.
  20. Godwin EE, Young NJ, Dudhia J, Beamish IC, Smith RK. Implantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrates improved outcome in horses with overstrain injury of the superficial digital flexor tendon.. Equine Vet J 2012 Jan;44(1):25-32.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00363.xpubmed: 21615465google scholar: lookup
  21. Hatazoe T, Endo Y, Iwamoto Y, Korosue K, Kuroda T, Inoue S, Murata D, Hobo S, Misumi K. A study of the distribution of color Doppler flows in the superficial digital flexor tendon of young Thoroughbreds during their training periods.. J Equine Sci 2015;26(4):99-104.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.26.99pmc: PMC4739139pubmed: 26858574google scholar: lookup
  22. ICVGAN. Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. Proceedings of the International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature and World Association of Veterinary Anatomists 6th Edn (Oslo: Norwegian University of Life Sciences; ).
  23. Juneja SC, Schwarz EM, O'Keefe RJ, Awad HA. Cellular and molecular factors in flexor tendon repair and adhesions: a histological and gene expression analysis.. Connect Tissue Res 2013;54(3):218-26.
    doi: 10.3109/03008207.2013.787418pmc: PMC3697755pubmed: 23586515google scholar: lookup
  24. Kovac M, Aliev R, Stavickiy S, Eremin PS, Pulin AA, Eremin II. Mesenchymal stem cells in the therapy of tendon and ligament lesions in horses. Vetpharma 12 72–76.
  25. Kovac M, Litvin YA, Aliev RO, Zakirova EY, Rutland CS, Kiyasov AP, Rizvanov AA. Gene Therapy Using Plasmid DNA Encoding Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 164 and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Genes for the Treatment of Horse Tendinitis and Desmitis: Case Reports.. Front Vet Sci 2017;4:168.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00168pmc: PMC5641304pubmed: 29067288google scholar: lookup
  26. Kovac M, Nowak M, Küpers S, Tambur Z. Frequency of orthopedic diseases in horses: a retrospective study. Vet. Glas. 56 307–319.
    doi: 10.2298/VETGL0206307Kgoogle scholar: lookup
  27. Litvin YA, Zakirova EY, Zhuravleva MN, Rizvanov AA. Generation of plasmid DNA expressing species-specific horse VEGF164 and FGF2 factors for gene therapy. Bionanoscience 6 550–553.
    doi: 10.1007/s12668-016-0273-2google scholar: lookup
  28. Martinek V, Huard J, Fu FH. Gene therapy in tendon ailments. Tendon Injuries eds Maffulli N., Renström P., Leadbetter WB (London: Springer; ).
  29. Middleton KK, Barro V, Muller B, Terada S, Fu FH. Evaluation of the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy involved in the healing of sports-related soft tissue injuries.. Iowa Orthop J 2012;32:150-63.
    pmc: PMC3565396pubmed: 23576936
  30. Pinchbeck GL, Clegg PD, Proudman CJ, Stirk A, Morgan KL, French NP. Horse injuries and racing practices in National Hunt racehorses in the UK: the results of a prospective cohort study.. Vet J 2004 Jan;167(1):45-52.
    doi: 10.1016/S1090-0233(03)00141-2pubmed: 14623150google scholar: lookup
  31. Plotnikov MV, Rizvanov AA, Masgutov RF, Mavlikeev MO, Salafutdinov II, Gazizov IM. The first clinical experience of direct gene therapy using VEGF and bFGF in treatment patients with critical lower limb ischemia. Cell. Transplant. Tissue Eng. 7 180–184.
  32. Rantanen NW, Jorgensen JS, Genovese RL. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the equine limb: technique. Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse eds Dyson SJ, Ross MJ (Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; ), 166–188.
  33. Reef VB. Superficial digital flexor tendon healing: ultrasonographic evaluation of therapies.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2001 Apr;17(1):159-78, vii-viii.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30081-0pubmed: 11488042google scholar: lookup
  34. Rizvanov AA, Kovac M, Rutland CS. Advancing modern equine medicine using gene therapy. Equine Vet. Educ. .
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12912google scholar: lookup
  35. Seghezzi G, Patel S, Ren CJ, Gualandris A, Pintucci G, Robbins ES, Shapiro RL, Galloway AC, Rifkin DB, Mignatti P. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the endothelial cells of forming capillaries: an autocrine mechanism contributing to angiogenesis.. J Cell Biol 1998 Jun 29;141(7):1659-73.
    doi: 10.1083/jcb.141.7.1659pmc: PMC2132998pubmed: 9647657google scholar: lookup
  36. Sharma P, Maffulli N. Biology of tendon injury: healing, modeling and remodeling.. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2006 Apr-Jun;6(2):181-90.
    pubmed: 16849830
  37. Snedeker JG, Foolen J. Tendon injury and repair - A perspective on the basic mechanisms of tendon disease and future clinical therapy.. Acta Biomater 2017 Nov;63:18-36.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.032pubmed: 28867648google scholar: lookup
  38. Södersten F, Hultenby K, Heinegård D, Johnston C, Ekman S. Immunolocalization of collagens (I and III) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in the normal and injured equine superficial digital flexor tendon.. Connect Tissue Res 2013;54(1):62-9.
    doi: 10.3109/03008207.2012.734879pmc: PMC3545546pubmed: 23020676google scholar: lookup
  39. Stavri GT, Zachary IC, Baskerville PA, Martin JF, Erusalimsky JD. Basic fibroblast growth factor upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells. Synergistic interaction with hypoxia.. Circulation 1995 Jul 1;92(1):11-4.
    doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.92.1.11pubmed: 7788904google scholar: lookup
  40. Tang JB, Chen CH, Zhou YL, McKeever C, Liu PY. Regulatory effects of introduction of an exogenous FGF2 gene on other growth factor genes in a healing tendon.. Wound Repair Regen 2014 Jan-Feb;22(1):111-8.
    doi: 10.1111/wrr.12129pubmed: 24393159google scholar: lookup
  41. Tang JB, Wu YF, Cao Y, Chen CH, Zhou YL, Avanessian B, Shimada M, Wang XT, Liu PY. Basic FGF or VEGF gene therapy corrects insufficiency in the intrinsic healing capacity of tendons.. Sci Rep 2016 Feb 11;6:20643.
    doi: 10.1038/srep20643pmc: PMC4749961pubmed: 26865366google scholar: lookup
  42. Uysal CA, Tobita M, Hyakusoku H, Mizuno H. Adipose-derived stem cells enhance primary tendon repair: biomechanical and immunohistochemical evaluation.. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012 Dec;65(12):1712-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2012.06.011pubmed: 22771087google scholar: lookup
  43. Watts AE, Yeager AE, Kopyov OV, Nixon AJ. Fetal derived embryonic-like stem cells improve healing in a large animal flexor tendonitis model.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011 Jan 27;2(1):4.
    doi: 10.1186/scrt45pmc: PMC3092144pubmed: 21272343google scholar: lookup
  44. Witte S, Dedman C, Harriss F, Kelly G, Chang YM, Witte TH. Comparison of treatment outcomes for superficial digital flexor tendonitis in National Hunt racehorses.. Vet J 2016 Oct;216:157-63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.08.003pubmed: 27687944google scholar: lookup
  45. Yang G, Rothrauff BB, Tuan RS. Tendon and ligament regeneration and repair: clinical relevance and developmental paradigm.. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2013 Sep;99(3):203-222.
    doi: 10.1002/bdrc.21041pmc: PMC4041869pubmed: 24078497google scholar: lookup
  46. Zakirova EY, Vasin NN, Zhuravleva MN, Rizvanov AA. Case report of application gene construction with VEGF and BMP2 in restoration of tear in the anterior cruciate ligament of a large breed dog. Genes Cells 9 93–95.

Citations

This article has been cited 17 times.
  1. Lu J, Jiang L, Chen Y, Lyu K, Zhu B, Li Y, Liu X, Liu X, Long L, Wang X, Xu H, Wang D, Li S. The Functions and Mechanisms of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Tendon Repair. Front Physiol 2022;13:852795.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.852795pubmed: 35770188google scholar: lookup
  2. Liu X, Zhu B, Li Y, Liu X, Guo S, Wang C, Li S, Wang D. The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Tendon Healing. Front Physiol 2021;12:766080.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.766080pubmed: 34777022google scholar: lookup
  3. Song L, Zhang J, Liu J. ANOVA-Based Analysis of Early Blood Transfusions on Hemodynamics with Severely Injured Trauma Using Bedside Ultrasound Imaging. J Healthc Eng 2021;2021:5263454.
    doi: 10.1155/2021/5263454pubmed: 34336156google scholar: lookup
  4. Maniego J, Pesko B, Habershon-Butcher J, Huggett J, Taylor P, Scarth J, Ryder E. Screening for gene doping transgenes in horses via the use of massively parallel sequencing. Gene Ther 2022 May;29(5):236-246.
    doi: 10.1038/s41434-021-00279-1pubmed: 34276046google scholar: lookup
  5. Ganiev I, Alexandrova N, Aimaletdinov A, Rutland C, Malanyeva A, Rizvanov A, Zakirova E. The treatment of articular cartilage injuries with mesenchymal stem cells in different animal species. Open Vet J 2021 Jan-Mar;11(1):128-134.
    doi: 10.4314/ovj.v11i1.19pubmed: 33898294google scholar: lookup
  6. Tozaki T, Ohnuma A, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Hamilton NA, Kusano K, Nagata SI. Whole-genome resequencing using genomic DNA extracted from horsehair roots for gene-doping control in horse sports. J Equine Sci 2020;31(4):75-83.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.31.75pubmed: 33376443google scholar: lookup
  7. Zakirova EY, Aimaletdinov AM, Malanyeva AG, Rutland CS, Rizvanov AA. Extracellular Vesicles: New Perspectives of Regenerative and Reproductive Veterinary Medicine. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:594044.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.594044pubmed: 33330719google scholar: lookup
  8. Aimaletdinov A, Mindubaeva G, Khalikova S, Kabwe E, Salmakova A, Alexandrova N, Rutland C, Rizvanov A, Zakirova E. Application of gene therapy in the treatment of superficial digital flexor tendon injury in horses. Open Vet J 2020 Oct;10(3):261-266.
    doi: 10.4314/ovj.v10i3.3pubmed: 33282696google scholar: lookup
  9. Tozaki T, Ohnuma A, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Kusano K, Nagata SI. Microfluidic Quantitative PCR Detection of 12 Transgenes from Horse Plasma for Gene Doping Control. Genes (Basel) 2020 Apr 23;11(4).
    doi: 10.3390/genes11040457pubmed: 32340130google scholar: lookup
  10. Shaimardanova AA, Kitaeva KV, Abdrakhmanova II, Chernov VM, Rutland CS, Rizvanov AA, Chulpanova DS, Solovyeva VV. Production and Application of Multicistronic Constructs for Various Human Disease Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2019 Nov 6;11(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110580pubmed: 31698727google scholar: lookup
  11. Najeb M, Samy A, Rizk A, Mosbah E, Karrouf G. Regenerative biologics modulating inflammation and promoting tenogenesis in equine superficial digital flexor tendonitis: from molecular pathways to clinical translation. Ir Vet J 2025 Sep 17;78(1):21.
    doi: 10.1186/s13620-025-00309-zpubmed: 40963139google scholar: lookup
  12. Guest DJ, Birch HL, Thorpe CT. A review of the equine suspensory ligament: Injury prone yet understudied. Equine Vet J 2025 Sep;57(5):1167-1182.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14447pubmed: 39604165google scholar: lookup
  13. Lessiak U, Melchert M, Walter I, Kummer S, Nell B, Tschulenk W, Pratscher B. Isolation-protocol, characterization, and in-vitro performance of equine umbilical vein endothelial cells. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1421946.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1421946pubmed: 39411390google scholar: lookup
  14. Puchalska M, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. Gene doping in horse racing and equine sports: Current landscape and future perspectives. Equine Vet J 2025 Mar;57(2):312-324.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14418pubmed: 39267222google scholar: lookup
  15. Xu H, Lu X, Yu Y, Zhou Y, Qi T, Zheng Y. Elucidating the molecular landscape of tendinitis: the role of inflammasome-related genes and immune interactions. Front Immunol 2024;15:1393851.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393851pubmed: 38919626google scholar: lookup
  16. Taguchi T, Lopez M, Takawira C. Viable tendon neotissue from adult adipose-derived multipotent stromal cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023;11:1290693.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1290693pubmed: 38260742google scholar: lookup
  17. Lessiak U, Pratscher B, Tichy A, Nell B. Bevacizumab Efficiently Inhibits VEGF-Associated Cellular Processes in Equine Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells: An In Vitro Characterization. Vet Sci 2023 Oct 26;10(11).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci10110632pubmed: 37999456google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.