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Clinical and experimental vaccine research2020; 9(2); 102-107; doi: 10.7774/cevr.2020.9.2.102

Genotype-specific neutralizing antibody titers against Japanese encephalitis virus genotypes 1 and 3 in horses immunized with a genotype 3 vaccine.

Abstract: Japanese encephalitis is one of the most important mosquito-borne and zoonotic diseases in Asia and the Pacific region. Although the dominant Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype has shifted from G3 to G1 in Korea since 1990, a G3 strain (Anyang 300) has been used in vaccines for horses for almost 40 years. This study aimed to investigate the seroconversion rates and geometric mean titers (GMTs) of virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) against JEV G1 and G3 in horses immunized with the G3 vaccine. Methods: Serum samples of 1,231 horses immunized with the Anyang 300 vaccine were collected in 2018. VNA titers against JEV KV1899 (G1) and Anyang 300 (G3) were measured in all serum samples using the virus neutralization test. Titers were analyzed according to blood sampling time (prior to and following annual revaccination), age, and region. Results: Rates of VNA titer >10 were 45.1% and 77.8% for G1, and 49.1% and 82.9% for G3 in samples taken before and after revaccination, respectively. GMTs of genotype-specific VNAs against JEV G1 and G3 were 8.3 and 11.6 before revaccination and rose to 27.2 and 65.4 following revaccination. Overall sero-positivity did not significantly differ between genotypes, but GMTs significantly differed among genotypes and sampling times. No significant difference was found in GMTs among age groups or regions. Conclusions: Genotype-specific neutralizing antibody titers against JEV G1 and G3 differed significantly in horses immunized with the G3 vaccine. Antigenic differences between genotypes could reduce the vaccine's efficacy, requiring the development of a new vaccine.
© Korean Vaccine Society.
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Publication Date: 2020-07-31 PubMed ID: 32864366PubMed Central: PMC7445317DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2020.9.2.102Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigated the effectiveness of genotype 3 (G3) Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) vaccine used in horses against the genotypes 1 (G1) and 3 (G3) of the virus. The results showed significant differences in the amounts of neutralizing antibodies against both genotypes, highlighting the possible need for a new vaccine due to antigenic differences between genotypes.

Introduction

  • The researchers studied Japanese encephalitis, a serious disease mainly found in Asia and the Pacific regions, which is transmitted mainly through mosquitos and affects both animals and humans.
  • Over the past three decades in Korea, the dominant genotype of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) has shifted from G3 to G1. However, for nearly 40 years, a G3 vaccine (Anyang 300) has been used to immunize horses against this disease.
  • The study aimed to understand the effectiveness of a G3 vaccine in producing virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) against both G1 and G3 genotype viruses.

Methods

  • The study analyzed serum samples from 1,231 horses who had been immunized with the Anyang 300 vaccine in 2018.
  • The titers (measurable concentration) of VNAs against the two genotypes of JEV viruses were measured in all serum samples using a virus neutralization test.
  • These measurements were then analyzed based on the time of sample collection (before or after annual revaccination), age of the horse, and region.

Results

  • The percent of serum samples with VNA titers greater than 10 against the G1 genotype was 45.1% before revaccination and 77.8% after revaccination. For G3, these percentages were 49.1% and 82.9%, respectively.
  • The Geometric Mean Titer (GMT), a type of average used for skewed data, of VNAs against both G1 and G3 genotypes were 8.3 and 11.6 before revaccination, and increased to 27.2 and 65.4 after revaccination.
  • While there was no significant difference in the overall sero-positivity rate between genotypes, the study found that GMTs significantly varied between genotypes and times of sampling.
  • The research demonstrated no significant difference in GMTs among different age groups or regions.

Conclusions

  • Significant differences were identified in the titers of neutralizing antibodies against JEV G1 and G3 in horses immunized with a G3 vaccine.
  • This could be due to antigenic differences between the two genotypes which might be reducing the effectiveness of the vaccine against G1 genotype.
  • As a result, the research suggests there may be a need to develop a new vaccine to ensure better protection against both genotypes of the virus.

Cite This Article

APA
Kim HH, Yang DK, Ji M, Lee SK, Hyun BH. (2020). Genotype-specific neutralizing antibody titers against Japanese encephalitis virus genotypes 1 and 3 in horses immunized with a genotype 3 vaccine. Clin Exp Vaccine Res, 9(2), 102-107. https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2020.9.2.102

Publication

Clinical and experimental vaccine research
ISSN: 2287-3651
NlmUniqueID: 101592344
Country: Korea (South)
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Pages: 102-107

Researcher Affiliations

Kim, Ha-Hyun
  • Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea.
Yang, Dong-Kun
  • Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea.
Ji, Miryeon
  • Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea.
Lee, Sang Kyu
  • Korea Racing Authority, Gwacheon, Korea.
Hyun, Bang-Hun
  • Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea.

Conflict of Interest Statement

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Yeh JY. Evaluation of dogs (Canis familiaris) as an indicator of Japanese encephalitis (JE) outbreaks: A retrospective serological study in the Seoul metropolitan area around the 2010 resurgence of JE in the Republic of Korea. One Health 2022 Dec;15:100459.
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  2. Mackenzie JS, Williams DT, van den Hurk AF, Smith DW, Currie BJ. Japanese Encephalitis Virus: The Emergence of Genotype IV in Australia and Its Potential Endemicity. Viruses 2022 Nov 9;14(11).
    doi: 10.3390/v14112480pubmed: 36366578google scholar: lookup
  3. Adugna T, Niu Q, Guan G, Du J, Yang J, Tian Z, Yin H. Advancements in nanoparticle-based vaccine development against Japanese encephalitis virus: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2024;15:1505612.
    doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1505612pubmed: 39759527google scholar: lookup
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