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Veterinary medicine and science2026; 12(3); e70950; doi: 10.1002/vms3.70950

Glanders: Past, Present and Future of a Neglected Zoonosis as a Threat in Veterinary and Human Health.

Abstract: Burkholderia mallei is the causative agent of glanders, a serious zoonotic disease of major concern for both animal and human health. This highly contagious and potentially fatal bacterium is always classified as a biothreat agent. In this review, we covered a comprehensive overview of glanders, including the biology of the pathogen, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, control strategies and ongoing eradication programs in Eurasia. We also summarized human case reports, differential diagnosis, treatment and organism's antimicrobial properties. The section on vaccine development is among the most detailed in this article, covering various experimental approaches and vaccine types evaluated to date. Glanders mainly affects horses, donkeys, mules and carnivorous predators and can be transmitted to people by close contact with glanderous animals. Currently, no specific therapy or licensed vaccine exists for either animals or humans. It should be noted that live-attenuated vaccines represent one of the most promising approaches for future prevention. An integrated collaboration between veterinary and human health sectors is essential to control the incidence and re-emergence of glanders.
© 2026 The Author(s). Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2026-04-21 PubMed ID: 42012985PubMed Central: PMC13098757DOI: 10.1002/vms3.70950Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research article provides a comprehensive review of glanders, a serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei, highlighting its impact on both animal and human health, diagnostic methods, treatment challenges, and future prevention strategies including vaccine development.

Introduction to Glanders and Burkholderia mallei

  • Glanders is a highly contagious zoonotic disease, meaning it can transfer between animals and humans.
  • The disease is caused by Burkholderia mallei, a bacterial pathogen classified as a biothreat agent due to its contagiousness and potential fatality.
  • This bacterium primarily affects equids such as horses, donkeys, and mules, as well as some carnivorous predators.
  • Human infection usually occurs through close contact with infected animals.

Biology and Epidemiology

  • The article reviews the biological characteristics of Burkholderia mallei, including how it infects hosts and survives in the environment.
  • Epidemiological data track the geographical distribution and incidence of glanders, focusing on current eradication efforts particularly in Eurasian regions.
  • Understanding the epidemiology aids in planning control and monitoring strategies for glanders outbreaks.

Pathogenesis and Diagnosis

  • Pathogenesis covers how the bacteria invade the host, the progression of the disease, and its clinical manifestations in both animals and humans.
  • The review outlines diagnostic approaches including laboratory techniques for confirming infection, crucial for timely intervention.
  • Challenges exist in differential diagnosis, meaning ruling out other diseases with similar symptoms.

Treatment and Antimicrobial Properties

  • Currently, there is no specific or fully effective treatment licensed for glanders in animals or humans.
  • The bacterium exhibits antimicrobial properties that complicate treatment, potentially leading to antibiotic resistance or suboptimal therapeutic outcomes.
  • The article summarizes available human case reports and treatment attempts, emphasizing the need for better therapeutic options.

Control Strategies and Eradication Programs

  • Control strategies discussed include surveillance, quarantine, and culling of infected animals to prevent spread.
  • Ongoing eradication programs in Eurasia provide insight into practical efforts to eliminate the disease in endemic areas.
  • Integration of veterinary and human health sectors is stressed as critical for successful disease control and to prevent re-emergence.

Vaccine Development

  • The article dedicates extensive coverage to experimental vaccine research, highlighting various approaches and types studied to date.
  • Live-attenuated vaccines (vaccines using weakened forms of the bacterium) are identified as one of the most promising future directions for prevention in both animals and humans.
  • Although no licensed vaccine is currently available, ongoing research aims to develop effective immunization strategies.

Importance of One Health Approach

  • The review emphasizes the importance of collaboration between veterinary and human healthcare sectors.
  • This integrated ‘One Health’ approach is essential to manage glanders effectively, considering its zoonotic nature and public health threat.
  • Such collaboration will help in monitoring, controlling, and possibly eradicating glanders in the future.

Cite This Article

APA
Kanani Y, Oryan A, Derakhshandeh A. (2026). Glanders: Past, Present and Future of a Neglected Zoonosis as a Threat in Veterinary and Human Health. Vet Med Sci, 12(3), e70950. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70950

Publication

Veterinary medicine and science
ISSN: 2053-1095
NlmUniqueID: 101678837
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: e70950
PII: e70950

Researcher Affiliations

Kanani, Yahya
  • Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
Oryan, Ahmad
  • Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
Derakhshandeh, Abdollah
  • Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Glanders / prevention & control
  • Glanders / epidemiology
  • Glanders / microbiology
  • Glanders / diagnosis
  • Humans
  • Zoonoses / epidemiology
  • Zoonoses / microbiology
  • Zoonoses / prevention & control
  • Burkholderia mallei / physiology
  • Neglected Diseases / prevention & control
  • Neglected Diseases / microbiology
  • Neglected Diseases / epidemiology
  • Neglected Diseases / veterinary
  • Bacterial Vaccines

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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