[Helminth control in the adult horse: the need for a re-orientation].
Abstract: The epidemiological situation of strongyle infections in adult horses in Switzerland is characterized by a strong dominance of small strongyles (Cyathostominae) and an overall low level of egg shedding in the faeces. The prevailing attitude towards anthelmintic therapy considers neither husbandry conditions nor pasture hygiene measures. Instead, calendar-based routine medication, comprising usually 3 to 4 annual treatments, is the typical strategy. Such an approach, however, often results in an excessive administration of anthelmintics. With respect to the continuous spread of drug resistant cyathostomins a change of strategy seems inevitable. A consensus has been agreed on between equine parasitologists and clinicians of the Vetsuisse Faculty in Zurich and Berne to focus on the concept of a selective control approach, based on individual faecal egg counts as the central element. It is now recommended that clinically healthy horses (> 4 y) are treated only when their strongyle egg count is equal to or higher than 200 eggs per gram of faeces. A regular analysis of the strongyle population based on larval cultures, the control of drug efficacy, and quarantine measures for incoming horses are mandatory components of the concept. Recent experiences in several pilot farms have indicated that only 4 % of the McMaster analyses resulted in a deworming treatment. For horses that did not receive any nematicidal anthelmintic during the current season, a "safety" treatment is recommended at the end of the grazing period. Die epidemiologische Situation der Strongyliden-Infektionen beim adulten Pferd in der Schweiz ist geprägt von einer starken Dominanz kleiner Strongyliden (Cyathostominae) und einem mehrheitlich geringen Ausscheidungsniveau von Parasiteneiern im Kot. Da die Haltungsbedingungen der Pferde und weidehygienische Massnahmen bei der Planung der Kontrollmassnahmen mehrheitlich unberücksichtigt bleiben, resultiert die kalenderbasierte Routine-Medikation mit 3 bis 4 Behandlungen pro Jahr häufig in einem über dem Bedarf liegenden Einsatz von Anthelminthika. Angesichts der sich kontinuierlich ausbreitenden Populationen Anthelminthika-resistenter Cyathostominen ist ein Strategiewechsel bei der Helminthenkontrolle notwendig. Bei dem von Parasitologen und Klinikern beider Vetsuisse-Standorte propagierten selektiven Kontrollansatz werden klinisch gesunde Pferde (> 4 Jahre) nur noch dann anthelminthisch behandelt, wenn die Ausscheidung von Strongylideneiern einen Wert von 200 pro Gramm Kot überschreitet. Eine regelmässige Differenzierung der Strongylidenpopulation, Wirksamkeitskontrollen der Anthelminthika und Quarantänemassnahmen bei Neuzugängen sind notwendige Komponenten des Konzeptes. Bisherige Erfahrungen mit dieser Strategie in mehreren Pilotbetrieben zeigen, dass nur 4 % der Kotuntersuchungen einen Anthelminthika-Einsatz zur Folge haben. Für die Pferde, die während der Saison kein Anthelminthikum erhielten, wird eine Sicherheitsbehandlung zum Saisonende empfohlen. En Suisse, la situation épidémiologique des infestations des chevaux adultes par les strongylidés est caractérisée par une nette dominance des petits strongles (Cyathostominae) et par un faible niveau d'excrétion des œufs de parasites dans les selles. Cars les conditions de détention des chevaux et les mesures relatives à l'hygiène des pâtures ne sont que rarement prises en compte dans la planification des mesures de contrôle des parasitoses, il en résulte un schéma de traitement de routine basé sur 3 à 4 traitements par année, ce qui représente un usage d'anthelminthiques souvent supérieur à la nécessité. Vu le développement continu de populations de cyatostomes résistants aux anthelminthiques, un changement de stratégie dans le contrôle des helminthes est nécessaire. Le contrôle sélectif propagé par les parasitologues et les cliniciens des deux sites de la faculté Vetsuisse propose de seulement traiter les chevaux sains adultes (> de 4 ans) si l'excrétion des œufs de strongles dépasse 200 œufs par gramme de selles. Une différentiation régulière des populations de strongles, le contrôle de l'efficacité des anthelminthiques et des mesures de quarantaines chez les nouveaux venus sont des composants indispensables de ce concept. Les expériences faites jusqu'à présent avec cette stratégie dans plusieurs exploitations-pilotes montrent que seulement 4 % des analyses coprologiques sont suivies par une application d'anthelminthiques. Pour les chevaux qui n'ont pas été vermifugés pendant toute la saison, un traitement de sécurité à la fin de la saison de pâturage est recommandé. La situazione epidemiologica delle infezioni di strongili nei cavalli adulti in Svizzera è marcata da una forte dominanza di piccoli strongili (ciathostomi) e da un'escrezione ridotta di uova di parassiti nelle feci. Dal momento che le condizioni di allevamento dei cavalli e le disposizioni igieniche dei pascoli non vengono necessariamente prese in considerazione nella pianificazione delle misure di controllo, ne risulta che la somministrazione di routine basata su 3 – 4 trattamenti annuali è spesso eccessiva rispetto l'uso effettivamente necessario di vermifugi. Dato che le popolazioni di ciathostomi resistenti agli antielmintici sono in continua espansione, è necessario un cambiamento di strategia nel controllo degli elminti. Secondo i criteri per un controllo selettivo, sostenuto da parassitologi e clinici di entrambe le sedi di Vetsuisse, i cavalli adulti (> 4 anni) clinicamente sani sono trattati con vermifugi unicamente quando l'escrezione di uova di strongili supera il valore di 200 per grammo di feci. Punti essenziali di questo concetto sono la differenziazione regolare della popolazione di strongili, il controllo dell'efficacia degli antielmintici e le misure di quarantena per i nuovi arrivi. Le esperienze fatte finora in varie aziende pilota con questa strategia mostrano che solo il 4 % delle analisi delle feci hanno condotto all'effettivo trattamento con antielmintici. Per i cavalli che durante la stagione non hanno ricevuto alcun trattamento vermifugo si consiglia un trattamento di sicurezza alla fine della stagione di pascolo.
Publication Date: 2014-01-28 PubMed ID: 24463320DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000552Google Scholar: Lookup
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- English Abstract
- Journal Article
Summary
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This research discusses the change in approach towards anthelmintic therapy in adult horses in Switzerland. Emphasizing selective control, it recommends medication only when egg shedding of parasites reaches a particular threshold, instead of the typical calendar-based routine medication.
Background
- Strongyle infections in adult horses in Switzerland are dominated by small strongyles and an overall low level of egg shedding in their faeces.
- Typically, the approach to anthelmintic treatment has followed a calendar-based routine with 3 to 4 annual treatments. However, this often leads to the excessive usage of anthelmintics.
- Given the increasing spread of drug-resistant cyathostomins (a type of small strongyle), there is a need to change this strategy.
Proposed Approach
- The researchers propose a selective control approach focused on individual faecal egg counts as central to the treatment decision.
- According to this approach, clinically healthy horses older than 4 years should be treated only when their strongyle egg count is equal to or higher than 200 eggs per gram of faeces.
- This strategy also includes regular checks on the strongyle population, monitoring drug efficacy, and implementing quarantine measures for new horses to prevent the spread of infections.
Early Results
- Implementing this strategy in several pilot farms indicated that only 4% of the McMaster analyses led to a deworming treatment.
- If horses did not receive any anthelmintic during the grazing season, a “safety” treatment is recommended at the end of the season.
Implication
- This new approach not only reduces the unnecessary use of anthelmintics but also potentially slows down the spread of drug-resistant parasites.
- It fosters a more targeted and effective intervention strategy, which aligns treatment with the severity of the infection.
Cite This Article
APA
Hertzberg H, Schwarzwald CC, Grimm F, Frey CF, Gottstein B, Gerber V.
(2014).
[Helminth control in the adult horse: the need for a re-orientation].
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 156(2), 61-70.
https://doi.org/10.1024/0036-7281/a000552 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Institut für Parasitologie, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Zürich.
- Departement für Pferde, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Zürich.
- Institut für Parasitologie, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Zürich.
- Institut für Parasitologie, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Bern.
- Institut für Parasitologie, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Bern.
- Institut suisse de médecine équine, Departement klinische Forschung, Vetsuisse-Fakultät, Universität Bern und ALP-Haras.
MeSH Terms
- Animal Husbandry
- Animals
- Anthelmintics / administration & dosage
- Feces / parasitology
- Horses
- Parasite Egg Count
- Practice Guidelines as Topic
- Strongyle Infections, Equine / diagnosis
- Strongyle Infections, Equine / drug therapy
- Strongyle Infections, Equine / parasitology
- Strongyle Infections, Equine / prevention & control
- Switzerland
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