Helminths and their management in Swiss Army horses: differences between riding horses and pack horses evidence the need of improvement.
Abstract: Intestinal helminth management in horses has both clinical and epidemiologic relevance, in additional association with anthelmintic resistance. The Swiss Army employs military owned riding horses and privately owned pack horses, which are brought together for service periods up to 12 weeks. We compared husbandry conditions and intestinal helminth management of both groups via questionnaire and analysed faecal samples of 53 riding horses and 130 pack horses using combined sedimentation/flotation, the McMaster method and larval cultures. Riding horses only had cyathostomin infections (prevalence: 60,4 %), while pack horses harboured cyathostomins (71,5 %), Parascaris sp. (6,9 %) and Strongylus vulgaris (1,5 %). Regression models combining faecal sample results with questionnaire data unveiled correlations of husbandry practices with parasite frequencies identifying risk and protective factors. Pasture management, hygiene and deworming practices were highly variable for pack horses, while for riding horses there was an overall concept. This included a selective deworming strategy with faecal egg counts (FECs) of strongyles prior to deworming, applying a threshold of 200 eggs per gram of faeces (epg). Anthelmintic treatments based on FECs, weekly faeces removal on pastures (pastures), the use of macrocyclic lactones and deworming horses regularly were identified as protective factors regarding the 200 epg threshold for strongyle eggs. Accordingly, the mean epg for strongyle eggs between the groups (111 and 539 in riding and pack horses, respectively) was significantly different (p < 0,001). Overall, intestinal helminth management in pack -horses showed room for improvement regarding pasture hygiene, the used anthelmintics and the frequency of deworming, from which all Swiss Army horses would benefit, as they share pastures during their -service, therefore entailing the risk of parasite transmission. Das Management intestinaler Helminthen bei Pferden hat sowohl klinische als auch epidemiologische Relevanz, ebenso im Zusammenhang mit Anthelminthika-Resistenz. Die Schweizer Armee setzt Armee-eigene Reitpferde und privat gehaltene Trainpferde ein, welche für Diensteinsätze von bis zu 12 Wochen zusammengebracht werden. Wir haben die Haltungsbedingungen und das intestinale Helminthen-Management beider Gruppen mittels Fragebogen verglichen und haben Kotproben von 53 Reitpferden und 130 Tragpferden mittels kombiniertem Sedimentations-/Flotationsverfahren, McMaster Methode und Larvenkulturen analysiert. Die Reitpferde zeigten lediglich Befall mit kleinen Strongyliden (Prävalenz: 60,4 %), während die Tragpferde kleine Strongyliden (71,5 %), Parascaris sp. (6,9 %) und Strongylus vulgaris (1,5 %) beherbergten. Regressionsmodelle, in welchen Kotproben-Befunde mit den Fragebogendaten kombiniert wurden, zeigten Zusammenhänge zwischen Haltungspraktiken und der Häufigkeit bestimmter Parasiten und führten zur Identifizierung von Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren. Weidemanagement, Hygiene und Entwurmungspraktiken variierten stark für die Tragpferde, während für die Reitpferde ein einheitliches Konzept vorhanden war. Dieses beinhaltete eine selektive Entwurmungsstrategie mit quantitativen Kotuntersuchungen auf Strongyliden vor Entwurmung (Schwellenwert von 200 Eiern pro Gramm Kot, EpG). Entwurmungen basierend auf quantitativen Kotuntersuchungen, die wöchentliche Beseitigung von Kot auf der Weide, die Verabreichung von makrozyklischen Laktonen und eine regelmässige Entwurmung der Pferde erwiesen sich als Schutzfaktoren bezüglich des Schwellenwertes von 200 EpG für Strongyliden. Dementsprechend waren die durchschnittlichen Strongyliden-Eizahlen zwischen den zwei Gruppen (111 bei den Reitpferden und 539 bei den Tragpferden) signifikant unterschiedlich (p < 0,001). Insgesamt wies das Endoparasitenmanagement bei den Tragpferden Verbesserungspotential auf bezüglich Weidehygiene, verwendeten Anthelminthika und Entwurmungsfrequenz. Hiervon würden alle Armeepferde profitieren, da sie während ihres Dienstes die Weiden teilen und somit das Risiko einer Parasiten-Übertragung besteht. La gestion des helminthes intestinaux chez les chevaux présente une importance clinique et épidémiologique, en association avec la résistance aux anthelminthiques. L’armée suisse emploie des chevaux de selle militaires et des chevaux de bât privés qui sont réunis pour des périodes de service allant jusqu’à 12 semaines. Nous avons comparé la détention animale et la gestion des helminthes intestinaux des deux groupes par le biais d’un questionnaire et analysé les échantillons fécaux de 53 chevaux de selle et 130 chevaux de bât en utilisant la sédimentation/flottation combinée, la méthode McMaster et les cultures larvaires. Les chevaux de selle ne présentaient que des infections à cyathostomes (prévalence: 60,4 %), tandis que les chevaux de bât hébergeaient des cyathostomes (71,5 %), Parascaris sp. (6,9 %) et Strongylus vulgaris (1,5 %). Des modèles de régression combinant les résultats des échantillons fécaux et les données du questionnaire ont révélé des corrélations entre les pratiques de détention animale et la fréquence des parasites, identifiant les facteurs de risque et de protection. La gestion des pâturages, l’hygiène et les pratiques en matière de vermifugation étaient très variables pour les chevaux de bât, tandis que pour les chevaux de selle, il existait un concept unitaire. Ceci comprenait stratégie de vermifugation sélective avec comptage des œufs fécaux (CEF) de strongles avant la vermifugation, en appliquant un seuil de 200 œufs par gramme de fèces (opg). Les traitements anthelminthiques basés sur les CEF, l’enlèvement hebdomadaire des crottins sur le pâturage, l’utilisation de lactones macrocycliques et la vermifugation régulière des chevaux ont été identifiés comme des facteurs de protection concernant le seuil de 200 opg pour les œufs de strongles. En conséquence, l’iog moyen pour les œufs de strongles entre les groupes (111 et 539 chez les chevaux de selle et de bât, respectivement) était significativement différent (p < 0,001). Globalement, la gestion des helminthes intestinaux chez les chevaux de bât a montré qu’il est possible d’améliorer l’hygiène des pâturages, le choix des anthelminthiques et la fréquence des vermifuges, ce dont tous les chevaux de l’armée suisse bénéficieraient, car ils partagent les pâturages pendant leur service, ce qui entraîne un risque de transmission des parasites. La gestione degli elminti intestinali nei cavalli ha una rilevanza sia clinica che epidemiologica, in associazione alla resistenza agli antielmintici. L’esercito svizzero impiega cavalli da equitazione di proprietà dell’esercito e cavalli da soma di proprietà privata, che vengono riuniti per periodi di servizio fino a 12 settimane. Abbiamo confrontato le condizioni d'allevamento e la gestione degli elminti intestinali di entrambi i gruppi tramite un questionario e abbiamo analizzato campioni fecali di 53 cavalli da equitazione e 130 cavalli da soma utilizzando la sedimentazione/flottazione combinata, il metodo McMaster e le colture larvali. I cavalli da equitazione avevano solo infezioni da cyathostomi (prevalenza: 60,4 %), mentre i cavalli da soma ospitavano cyathostomi (71,5 %), Parascaris sp. (6,9 %) e Strongylus vulgaris (1,5 %). I modelli di regressione che combinano i risultati dei campioni fecali con i dati del questionario hanno rivelato correlazioni tra le pratiche di allevamento animale e la frequenza dei parassiti, identificando fattori di rischio e di protezione. La gestione del pascolo, l’igiene e le pratiche di sverminazione sono risultate molto variabili tra i cavalli da soma, mentre per i cavalli da equitazione vi è stato un approccio più uniforme. Questo includeva una strategia di sverminazione selettiva con conta delle uova fecali (CEF) degli strongili prima della sverminazione, applicando una soglia di 200 uova per grammo di feci (upg). I trattamenti antielmintici basati sulle CEF, la rimozione settimanale delle feci sul pascolo, l’uso di lattoni macrociclici e la sverminazione regolare dei cavalli sono stati identificati come fattori protettivi rispetto alla soglia di 200 upg per le uova di strongili. Di conseguenza, l’upg medio per le uova di strongili tra i gruppi (111 e 539 nei cavalli da equitazione e da soma, rispettivamente) era significativamente diverso (p < 0,001). Nel complesso, lo studio ha mostrato che la gestione degli elminti intestinali nei cavalli da soma ha un potenziale di miglioramento per quanto riguarda l’igiene del pascolo, gli antielmintici utilizzati e la frequenza della sverminazione, di cui beneficerebbero tutti i cavalli dell’esercito svizzero, in quanto condividono i pascoli durante il loro servizio, comportando quindi il rischio di trasmissione dei parassiti.
Publication Date: 2022-05-05 PubMed ID: 35506418DOI: 10.17236/sat00355Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This research investigates the intestinal helminth management in Swiss Army horses, distinguishing between riding horses and pack horses, and suggests improvements necessary for effective parasite control. The analysis uses a combination of questionnaire data on husbandry practices, and faecal sample testing, which demonstrated differences in the prevalence and types of infections between the horse groups, and identified risk and protective factors.
Study Objective and Approach
- The primary aim of the study was to compare the husbandry conditions and intestinal helminth management among two groups of Swiss Army horses: military-owned riding horses and privately owned pack horses. These horses serve together for up to 12 weeks.
- The authors employed a questionnaire to collect data on husbandry practices. This data was analyzed alongside faecal samples from 53 riding horses and 130 pack horses. The examination of faecal samples included a combined sedimentation/flotation procedure, the McMaster method, and larval cultures.
Findings
- Based on the faecal tests, riding horses showed infections only with cyathostomins (a group of parasitic worms), with a prevalence of 60.4%. On the contrary, pack horses harboured cyathostomins (71.5%), Parascaris sp. (6.9%) and Strongylus vulgaris (1.5%).
- The research used regression models combining the questionnaire data with the faecal sample results. It helped establish relationships between husbandry practices and parasite infection frequencies, thereby determining risk factors and protective factors.
- The study showed major differences in pasture management, hygiene, and deworming methods between the two horse groups. Pack horses exhibited a high variability, whereas there was a consistent strategy for riding horses. This included a selective deworming approach, using faecal egg counts (FECs) of strongyles to determine the need for deworming. The threshold for initiating deworming was 200 eggs per gram of faeces (epg).
- Protective factors identified included deworming based on FECs, weekly removal of faeces from pastures, using macrocyclic lactones, and regular deworming of horses.
- The mean epg for strongyle eggs was significantly different in the two groups: 111 in riding horses and 539 in pack horses (p < 0,001).
Conclusion
- The results suggest the pack horses’ management of intestinal helminth required improvement in terms of pasture hygiene, the type of anthelmintics used, and the frequency of deworming.
- The improvements would benefit all Swiss Army horses as they share pastures during their service period, hence running the risk of parasite transmission.
Cite This Article
APA
Spieler N, Schnyder M.
(2022).
Helminths and their management in Swiss Army horses: differences between riding horses and pack horses evidence the need of improvement.
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 164(5), 385-399.
https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00355 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich.
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Anthelmintics / therapeutic use
- Helminths
- Horse Diseases / drug therapy
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horses
- Humans
- Parasite Egg Count / veterinary
- Strongyle Infections, Equine / drug therapy
- Strongyle Infections, Equine / parasitology
Citations
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