FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
PloS one2011; 6(12); e28678; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028678

Hendra virus infection dynamics in Australian fruit bats.

Abstract: Hendra virus is a recently emerged zoonotic agent in Australia. Since first described in 1994, the virus has spilled from its wildlife reservoir (pteropid fruit bats, or 'flying foxes') on multiple occasions causing equine and human fatalities. We undertook a three-year longitudinal study to detect virus in the urine of free-living flying foxes (a putative route of excretion) to investigate Hendra virus infection dynamics. Pooled urine samples collected off plastic sheets placed beneath roosting flying foxes were screened for Hendra virus genome by quantitative RT-PCR, using a set of primers and probe derived from the matrix protein gene. A total of 1672 pooled urine samples from 67 sampling events was collected and tested between 1 July 2008 and 30 June 2011, with 25% of sampling events and 2.5% of urine samples yielding detections. The proportion of positive samples was statistically associated with year and location. The findings indicate that Hendra virus excretion occurs periodically rather than continuously, and in geographically disparate flying fox populations in the state of Queensland. The lack of any detection in the Northern Territory suggests prevalence may vary across the range of flying foxes in Australia. Finally, our findings suggest that flying foxes can excrete virus at any time of year, and that the apparent seasonal clustering of Hendra virus incidents in horses and associated humans (70% have occurred June to October) reflects factors other than the presence of virus. Identification of these factors will strengthen risk minimization strategies for horses and ultimately humans.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2011-12-09 PubMed ID: 22174865PubMed Central: PMC3235146DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028678Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research looks into the infection dynamics of the Hendra virus, a zoonotic agent, in Australian fruit bats or flying foxes. The scientists collected and tested urine samples from the bats over a period of three years, and found that the virus is excreted periodically and can occur at any time of the year.

Research Methodology and Sampling

  • The researchers conducted a three-year longitudinal study of flying foxes, the wildlife reservoir of the Hendra virus.
  • The objective was to detect the presence of the virus in the urine of the bats, as urine is a suspected route of excretion for the virus.
  • Plastic sheets were placed beneath the roosting bats and any urine collected was sampled for testing.
  • Using a set of primers and probe derived from the matrix protein gene, 1672 pooled urine samples collected during 67 sampling events were tested for the presence of the Hendra virus genome through quantitative RT-PCR.

Key Findings

  • The research showed that 25% of the sampling events and 2.5% of the pooled urine samples tested positive for the presence of the Hendra virus.
  • The rate of positive samples varied among years and locations, indicating that Hendra virus excretion in flying foxes happens intermittently and across different geographical locations within Queensland, Australia.
  • No detection of the virus was made in the Northern Territory, suggesting that the prevalence of the virus may vary across different ranges of flying fox populations in Australia.

Implications of the Study

  • The study revealed that flying foxes can excrete the Hendra virus at any time of the year, contradicting the seasonal clustering of the virus incidents in horses and humans (70% of which occur between June to October).
  • This suggests that factors other than the mere presence of the virus may be contributing to its seasonal incidence in humans and horses.
  • Identifying these factors may help in the development of stronger risk minimization strategies for horses and, ultimately, humans.

Cite This Article

APA
Field H, de Jong C, Melville D, Smith C, Smith I, Broos A, Kung YH, McLaughlin A, Zeddeman A. (2011). Hendra virus infection dynamics in Australian fruit bats. PLoS One, 6(12), e28678. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028678

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 6
Issue: 12
Pages: e28678

Researcher Affiliations

Field, Hume
  • Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Hume.Field@deedi.qld.gov.au
de Jong, Carol
    Melville, Deb
      Smith, Craig
        Smith, Ina
          Broos, Alice
            Kung, Yu Hsin Nina
              McLaughlin, Amanda
                Zeddeman, Anne

                  MeSH Terms

                  • Animals
                  • Australia
                  • Chiroptera / urine
                  • Chiroptera / virology
                  • Geography
                  • Hendra Virus / physiology
                  • Seasons
                  • Virus Diseases / urine
                  • Virus Diseases / virology

                  Conflict of Interest Statement

                  Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                  References

                  This article includes 12 references
                  1. Field H, Schaaf K, Kung N, Simon C, Waltisbuhl D. Hendra Virus Outbreak with Novel Clinical Features, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2010;16:338–340.
                    pmc: PMC2958006pubmed: 20113576
                  2. Playford EG, McCall B, Smith G, Slinko V, Allen G. Human Hendra Virus Encephalitis Associated with Equine Outbreak, Australia, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2010;16:219–223.
                    pmc: PMC2957996pubmed: 20113550
                  3. Field H. The ecology of Hendra virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. 2005.
                  4. Plowright RK, Field HE, Smith C, Divljan A, Palmer C. Reproduction and nutritional stress are risk factors for Hendra virus infection in little red flying foxes (Pteropus scapulatus). Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 2008;275:861–869.
                    pmc: PMC2596896pubmed: 18198149
                  5. Wacharapluesadee S, Lumlertdacha B, Boongird K, Wanghongsa S, Chanhome L. Bat Nipah virus, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2005;11:1949–1951.
                    pmc: PMC3367639pubmed: 16485487
                  6. Smith IL, Halpin K, Warrilow D, Smith GA. Development of a fluorogenic RT-PCR assay (TaqMan) for the detection of Hendra virus. Journal of Virological Methods 2001;98:33–40.
                    pubmed: 11543882
                  7. Halpin K, Young PL, Field HE, Mackenzie JS. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. Journal of General Virology 2000;81:1927–1932.
                    pubmed: 10900029
                  8. Chua KB. A novel approach for collecting samples from fruit bats for isolation of infectious agents. Microbes Infect 2003;5:487–490.
                    pubmed: 12758277
                  9. Plowright RK, Foley P, Field HE, Dobson AP, Foley JE. Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from flying foxes (Pteropus spp.). Proc R Soc B 2011 [Epub ahead of print].
                    pmc: PMC3203503pubmed: 21561971
                  10. Wacharapluesadee S, Boongird K, Wanghongsa S, Ratanasetyuth N, Supavonwong P. A longitudinal study of the prevalence of Nipah virus in Pteropus lylei bats in Thailand: evidence for seasonal preference in disease transmission. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 2009;10:183–190.
                    pubmed: 19402762
                  11. Epstein JH, Khan SA, Kilpatrick AM, Islam A, Luby SP. Intergrating Nipah virus ecology in pteropid bats into a comprehensive surveillance program in Bangladesh. Ecohealth 2011;7:S38.
                  12. . Guidelines for veterinarians handling potential Hendra virus infection in horses (version 4.1). 2011.

                  Citations

                  This article has been cited 72 times.
                  1. Huaman C, Clouse C, Rader M, Strazzella AM, King J, Santorella EM, Yan L, Bai S, Gunn BM, Amaya M, Broder CC, Schaefer BC. A recombinant Cedar virus preclinical model that recapitulates neurological features of henipavirus disease. iScience 2025 Oct 17;28(10):113571.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.113571pubmed: 41079606google scholar: lookup
                  2. van den Hurk S, Yondo A, Velayudhan BT. Laboratory Diagnosis of Hendra and Nipah: Two Emerging Zoonotic Diseases with One Health Significance. Viruses 2025 Jul 17;17(7).
                    doi: 10.3390/v17071003pubmed: 40733619google scholar: lookup
                  3. Larsen BB, McMahon T, Brown JT, Wang Z, Radford CE, Crowe JE Jr, Veesler D, Bloom JD. Functional and antigenic landscape of the Nipah virus receptor-binding protein. Cell 2025 May 1;188(9):2480-2494.e22.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.02.030pubmed: 40132580google scholar: lookup
                  4. Das S, Jain D, Chaudhary P, Quintela-Tizon RM, Banerjee A, Kesavardhana S. Bat adaptations in inflammation and cell death regulation contribute to viral tolerance. mBio 2025 Mar 12;16(3):e0320423.
                    doi: 10.1128/mbio.03204-23pubmed: 39982110google scholar: lookup
                  5. Niu Y, McKee CD. Bat Viral Shedding: A Review of Seasonal Patterns and Risk Factors. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2025 Apr;25(4):229-239.
                    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2024.0091pubmed: 39836021google scholar: lookup
                  6. Yang Z, Wu F, Fang Z. Population genetic structure of Uroteuthis edulis in the East China Sea based on the COI gene. Mol Biol Rep 2025 Jan 20;52(1):141.
                    doi: 10.1007/s11033-025-10245-4pubmed: 39833571google scholar: lookup
                  7. Gutierrez EG, Ortega J. Uncovering selection pressures on the IRF gene family in bats' immune system. Immunogenetics 2025 Jan 7;77(1):10.
                    doi: 10.1007/s00251-024-01367-3pubmed: 39776231google scholar: lookup
                  8. Larsen BB, McMahon T, Brown JT, Wang Z, Radford CE, Crowe JE Jr, Veesler D, Bloom JD. Functional and antigenic landscape of the Nipah virus receptor binding protein. bioRxiv 2024 Apr 19;.
                    doi: 10.1101/2024.04.17.589977pubmed: 38659959google scholar: lookup
                  9. Horefti E. The Importance of the One Health Concept in Combating Zoonoses. Pathogens 2023 Jul 26;12(8).
                    doi: 10.3390/pathogens12080977pubmed: 37623937google scholar: lookup
                  10. Tendu A, Hughes AC, Berthet N, Wong G. Viral Hyperparasitism in Bat Ectoparasites: Implications for Pathogen Maintenance and Transmission. Microorganisms 2022 Jun 16;10(6).
                    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10061230pubmed: 35744747google scholar: lookup
                  11. Lawrence P, Escudero-Pérez B. Henipavirus Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis Mechanisms: Lessons Learnt from Natural Infection and Animal Models. Viruses 2022 Apr 29;14(5).
                    doi: 10.3390/v14050936pubmed: 35632678google scholar: lookup
                  12. Martín G, Erinjery JJ, Ediriweera D, de Silva HJ, Lalloo DG, Iwamura T, Murray KA. A mechanistic model of snakebite as a zoonosis: Envenoming incidence is driven by snake ecology, socioeconomics and its impacts on snakes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022 May;16(5):e0009867.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009867pubmed: 35551272google scholar: lookup
                  13. Gern OL, Mulenge F, Pavlou A, Ghita L, Steffen I, Stangel M, Kalinke U. Toll-like Receptors in Viral Encephalitis. Viruses 2021 Oct 14;13(10).
                    doi: 10.3390/v13102065pubmed: 34696494google scholar: lookup
                  14. Wang J, Anderson DE, Halpin K, Hong X, Chen H, Walker S, Valdeter S, van der Heide B, Neave MJ, Bingham J, O'Brien D, Eagles D, Wang LF, Williams DT. A new Hendra virus genotype found in Australian flying foxes. Virol J 2021 Oct 13;18(1):197.
                    doi: 10.1186/s12985-021-01652-7pubmed: 34641882google scholar: lookup
                  15. Giles JR, Peel AJ, Wells K, Plowright RK, McCallum H, Restif O. Optimizing noninvasive sampling of a zoonotic bat virus. Ecol Evol 2021 Sep;11(18):12307-12321.
                    doi: 10.1002/ece3.7830pubmed: 34594501google scholar: lookup
                  16. Jolma ER, Gibson L, Suu-Ire RD, Fleischer G, Asumah S, Languon S, Restif O, Wood JLN, Cunningham AA. Longitudinal Secretion of Paramyxovirus RNA in the Urine of Straw-Coloured Fruit Bats (Eidolon helvum). Viruses 2021 Aug 20;13(8).
                    doi: 10.3390/v13081654pubmed: 34452518google scholar: lookup
                  17. Williams EP, Spruill-Harrell BM, Taylor MK, Lee J, Nywening AV, Yang Z, Nichols JH, Camp JV, Owen RD, Jonsson CB. Common Themes in Zoonotic Spillover and Disease Emergence: Lessons Learned from Bat- and Rodent-Borne RNA Viruses. Viruses 2021 Jul 31;13(8).
                    doi: 10.3390/v13081509pubmed: 34452374google scholar: lookup
                  18. Knox A, Beddoe T. Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies for the Detection of Equine Viral Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jul 20;11(7).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani11072150pubmed: 34359278google scholar: lookup
                  19. Ong OTW, Skinner EB, Johnson BJ, Old JM. Mosquito-Borne Viruses and Non-Human Vertebrates in Australia: A Review. Viruses 2021 Feb 9;13(2).
                    doi: 10.3390/v13020265pubmed: 33572234google scholar: lookup
                  20. Yuen KY, Fraser NS, Henning J, Halpin K, Gibson JS, Betzien L, Stewart AJ. Hendra virus: Epidemiology dynamics in relation to climate change, diagnostic tests and control measures. One Health 2021 Jun;12:100207.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100207pubmed: 33363250google scholar: lookup
                  21. Gentles AD, Guth S, Rozins C, Brook CE. A review of mechanistic models of viral dynamics in bat reservoirs for zoonotic disease. Pathog Glob Health 2020 Dec;114(8):407-425.
                    doi: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1833161pubmed: 33185145google scholar: lookup
                  22. Epstein JH, Anthony SJ, Islam A, Kilpatrick AM, Ali Khan S, Balkey MD, Ross N, Smith I, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Tao Y, Islam A, Quan PL, Olival KJ, Khan MSU, Gurley ES, Hossein MJ, Field HE, Fielder MD, Briese T, Rahman M, Broder CC, Crameri G, Wang LF, Luby SP, Lipkin WI, Daszak P. Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020 Nov 17;117(46):29190-29201.
                    doi: 10.1073/pnas.2000429117pubmed: 33139552google scholar: lookup
                  23. Boardman WSJ, Baker ML, Boyd V, Crameri G, Peck GR, Reardon T, Smith IG, Caraguel CGB, Prowse TAA. Seroprevalence of three paramyxoviruses; Hendra virus, Tioman virus, Cedar virus and a rhabdovirus, Australian bat lyssavirus, in a range expanding fruit bat, the Grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus). PLoS One 2020;15(5):e0232339.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232339pubmed: 32374743google scholar: lookup
                  24. Horigan V, Gale P, Kosmider RD, Minnis C, Snary EL, Breed AC, Simons RRL. Application of a quantitative entry assessment model to compare the relative risk of incursion of zoonotic bat-borne viruses into European Union Member States. Microb Risk Anal 2017 Dec;7:8-28.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.mran.2017.09.002pubmed: 32289058google scholar: lookup
                  25. Prasad AN, Woolsey C, Geisbert JB, Agans KN, Borisevich V, Deer DJ, Mire CE, Cross RW, Fenton KA, Broder CC, Geisbert TW. Resistance of Cynomolgus Monkeys to Nipah and Hendra Virus Disease Is Associated With Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity. J Infect Dis 2020 May 11;221(Suppl 4):S436-S447.
                    doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz613pubmed: 32022850google scholar: lookup
                  26. Plowright RK, Becker DJ, Crowley DE, Washburne AD, Huang T, Nameer PO, Gurley ES, Han BA. Prioritizing surveillance of Nipah virus in India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 Jun;13(6):e0007393.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007393pubmed: 31246966google scholar: lookup
                  27. Luby S, Arthur R. Risk and Response to Biological Catastrophe in Lower Income Countries. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019;424:85-105.
                    doi: 10.1007/82_2019_162pubmed: 31127360google scholar: lookup
                  28. Hanadhita D, Rahma A, Prawira AY, Mayasari NLPI, Satyaningtijas AS, Hondo E, Agungpriyono S. The spleen morphophysiology of fruit bats. Anat Histol Embryol 2019 Jul;48(4):315-324.
                    doi: 10.1111/ahe.12442pubmed: 30968443google scholar: lookup
                  29. Wang LF, Anderson DE. Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans. Curr Opin Virol 2019 Feb;34:79-89.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.007pubmed: 30665189google scholar: lookup
                  30. Degeling C, Gilbert GL, Annand E, Taylor M, Walsh MG, Ward MP, Wilson A, Johnson J. Managing the risk of Hendra virus spillover in Australia using ecological approaches: A report on three community juries. PLoS One 2018;13(12):e0209798.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209798pubmed: 30596719google scholar: lookup
                  31. Johnson RI, Tachedjian M, Rowe B, Clayton BA, Layton R, Bergfeld J, Wang LF, Marsh GA. Alston Virus, a Novel Paramyxovirus Isolated from Bats Causes Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Experimentally Challenged Ferrets. Viruses 2018 Nov 28;10(12).
                    doi: 10.3390/v10120675pubmed: 30487438google scholar: lookup
                  32. Harvey E, Rose K, Eden JS, Lo N, Abeyasuriya T, Shi M, Doggett SL, Holmes EC. Extensive Diversity of RNA Viruses in Australian Ticks. J Virol 2019 Feb 1;93(3).
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01358-18pubmed: 30404810google scholar: lookup
                  33. Davy CM, Donaldson ME, Subudhi S, Rapin N, Warnecke L, Turner JM, Bollinger TK, Kyle CJ, Dorville NAS, Kunkel EL, Norquay KJO, Dzal YA, Willis CKR, Misra V. White-nose syndrome is associated with increased replication of a naturally persisting coronaviruses in bats. Sci Rep 2018 Oct 19;8(1):15508.
                    doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33975-xpubmed: 30341341google scholar: lookup
                  34. Caron A, Bourgarel M, Cappelle J, Liégeois F, De Nys HM, Roger F. Ebola Virus Maintenance: If Not (Only) Bats, What Else?. Viruses 2018 Oct 9;10(10).
                    doi: 10.3390/v10100549pubmed: 30304789google scholar: lookup
                  35. Michelotti JM, Yeh KB, Beckham TR, Colby MM, Dasgupta D, Zuelke KA, Olinger GG. The Convergence of High-Consequence Livestock and Human Pathogen Research and Development: A Paradox of Zoonotic Disease. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018 May 30;3(2).
                    doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed3020055pubmed: 30274451google scholar: lookup
                  36. Kessler MK, Becker DJ, Peel AJ, Justice NV, Lunn T, Crowley DE, Jones DN, Eby P, Sánchez CA, Plowright RK. Changing resource landscapes and spillover of henipaviruses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018 Oct;1429(1):78-99.
                    doi: 10.1111/nyas.13910pubmed: 30138535google scholar: lookup
                  37. Martin G, Yanez-Arenas C, Chen C, Plowright RK, Webb RJ, Skerratt LF. Climate Change Could Increase the Geographic Extent of Hendra Virus Spillover Risk. Ecohealth 2018 Sep;15(3):509-525.
                    doi: 10.1007/s10393-018-1322-9pubmed: 29556762google scholar: lookup
                  38. Wong G, Qiu XG. Type I interferon receptor knockout mice as models for infection of highly pathogenic viruses with outbreak potential. Zool Res 2018 Jan 18;39(1):3-14.
                    doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.052pubmed: 29511140google scholar: lookup
                  39. Martin G, Yanez-Arenas C, Plowright RK, Chen C, Roberts B, Skerratt LF. Hendra Virus Spillover is a Bimodal System Driven by Climatic Factors. Ecohealth 2018 Sep;15(3):526-542.
                    doi: 10.1007/s10393-017-1309-ypubmed: 29349533google scholar: lookup
                  40. Páez DJ, Giles J, McCallum H, Field H, Jordan D, Peel AJ, Plowright RK. Conditions affecting the timing and magnitude of Hendra virus shedding across pteropodid bat populations in Australia. Epidemiol Infect 2017 Nov;145(15):3143-3153.
                    doi: 10.1017/S0950268817002138pubmed: 28942750google scholar: lookup
                  41. Goyen KA, Wright JD, Cunneen A, Henning J. Playing with fire - What is influencing horse owners' decisions to not vaccinate their horses against deadly Hendra virus infection?. PLoS One 2017;12(6):e0180062.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180062pubmed: 28636633google scholar: lookup
                  42. Martin GA, Yanez-Arenas C, Roberts BJ, Chen C, Plowright RK, Webb RJ, Skerratt LF. Climatic suitability influences species specific abundance patterns of Australian flying foxes and risk of Hendra virus spillover. One Health 2016 Dec;2:115-121.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.07.004pubmed: 28616484google scholar: lookup
                  43. Martin G, Webb RJ, Chen C, Plowright RK, Skerratt LF. Microclimates Might Limit Indirect Spillover of the Bat Borne Zoonotic Hendra Virus. Microb Ecol 2017 Jul;74(1):106-115.
                    doi: 10.1007/s00248-017-0934-xpubmed: 28091706google scholar: lookup
                  44. Giles JR, Plowright RK, Eby P, Peel AJ, McCallum H. Models of Eucalypt phenology predict bat population flux. Ecol Evol 2016 Oct;6(20):7230-7245.
                    doi: 10.1002/ece3.2382pubmed: 27891217google scholar: lookup
                  45. Smith CS, McLAUGHLIN A, Field HE, Edson D, Mayer D, Ossedryver S, Barrett J, Waltisbuhl D. Twenty years of Hendra virus: laboratory submission trends and risk factors for infection in horses. Epidemiol Infect 2016 Nov;144(15):3176-3183.
                    doi: 10.1017/S0950268816001400pubmed: 27357144google scholar: lookup
                  46. Burroughs AL, Durr PA, Boyd V, Graham K, White JR, Todd S, Barr J, Smith I, Baverstock G, Meers J, Crameri G, Wang LF. Hendra Virus Infection Dynamics in the Grey-Headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) at the Southern-Most Extent of Its Range: Further Evidence This Species Does Not Readily Transmit the Virus to Horses. PLoS One 2016;11(6):e0155252.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155252pubmed: 27304985google scholar: lookup
                  47. McMichael L, Edson D, Mayer D, McLaughlin A, Goldspink L, Vidgen ME, Kopp S, Meers J, Field H. Temporal Variation in Physiological Biomarkers in Black Flying-Foxes (Pteropus alecto), Australia. Ecohealth 2016 Mar;13(1):49-59.
                    doi: 10.1007/s10393-016-1113-0pubmed: 27026357google scholar: lookup
                  48. Islam MS, Sazzad HM, Satter SM, Sultana S, Hossain MJ, Hasan M, Rahman M, Campbell S, Cannon DL, Ströher U, Daszak P, Luby SP, Gurley ES. Nipah Virus Transmission from Bats to Humans Associated with Drinking Traditional Liquor Made from Date Palm Sap, Bangladesh, 2011-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016 Apr;22(4):664-70.
                    doi: 10.3201/eid2204.151747pubmed: 26981928google scholar: lookup
                  49. Field H, Jordan D, Edson D, Morris S, Melville D, Parry-Jones K, Broos A, Divljan A, McMichael L, Davis R, Kung N, Kirkland P, Smith C. Spatiotemporal Aspects of Hendra Virus Infection in Pteropid Bats (Flying-Foxes) in Eastern Australia. PLoS One 2015;10(12):e0144055.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144055pubmed: 26625128google scholar: lookup
                  50. Edson D, Field H, McMichael L, Vidgen M, Goldspink L, Broos A, Melville D, Kristoffersen J, de Jong C, McLaughlin A, Davis R, Kung N, Jordan D, Kirkland P, Smith C. Routes of Hendra Virus Excretion in Naturally-Infected Flying-Foxes: Implications for Viral Transmission and Spillover Risk. PLoS One 2015;10(10):e0140670.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140670pubmed: 26469523google scholar: lookup
                  51. Field HE, Smith CS, de Jong CE, Melville D, Broos A, Kung N, Thompson J, Dechmann DK. Landscape Utilisation, Animal Behaviour and Hendra Virus Risk. Ecohealth 2016 Mar;13(1):26-38.
                    doi: 10.1007/s10393-015-1066-8pubmed: 26403793google scholar: lookup
                  52. Boyd V, Smith I, Crameri G, Burroughs AL, Durr PA, White J, Cowled C, Marsh GA, Wang LF. Development of multiplexed bead arrays for the simultaneous detection of nucleic acid from multiple viruses in bat samples. J Virol Methods 2015 Oct;223:5-12.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.07.004pubmed: 26190638google scholar: lookup
                  53. Goldspink LK, Edson DW, Vidgen ME, Bingham J, Field HE, Smith CS. Natural Hendra Virus Infection in Flying-Foxes - Tissue Tropism and Risk Factors. PLoS One 2015;10(6):e0128835.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128835pubmed: 26060997google scholar: lookup
                  54. Howard CR, Fletcher NF. Emerging virus diseases: can we ever expect the unexpected?. Emerg Microbes Infect 2012 Dec;1(12):e46.
                    doi: 10.1038/emi.2012.47pubmed: 26038413google scholar: lookup
                  55. Edson D, Field H, McMichael L, Jordan D, Kung N, Mayer D, Smith C. Flying-fox roost disturbance and Hendra virus spillover risk. PLoS One 2015;10(5):e0125881.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125881pubmed: 26016629google scholar: lookup
                  56. El Najjar F, Lampe L, Baker ML, Wang LF, Dutch RE. Analysis of cathepsin and furin proteolytic enzymes involved in viral fusion protein activation in cells of the bat reservoir host. PLoS One 2015;10(2):e0115736.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115736pubmed: 25706132google scholar: lookup
                  57. Martin G, Plowright R, Chen C, Kault D, Selleck P, Skerratt LF. Hendra virus survival does not explain spillover patterns and implicates relatively direct transmission routes from flying foxes to horses. J Gen Virol 2015 Jun;96(Pt 6):1229-1237.
                    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.000073pubmed: 25667321google scholar: lookup
                  58. Plowright RK, Eby P, Hudson PJ, Smith IL, Westcott D, Bryden WL, Middleton D, Reid PA, McFarlane RA, Martin G, Tabor GM, Skerratt LF, Anderson DL, Crameri G, Quammen D, Jordan D, Freeman P, Wang LF, Epstein JH, Marsh GA, Kung NY, McCallum H. Ecological dynamics of emerging bat virus spillover. Proc Biol Sci 2015 Jan 7;282(1798):20142124.
                    doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2124pubmed: 25392474google scholar: lookup
                  59. Middleton D. Hendra virus. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014 Dec;30(3):579-89.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.004pubmed: 25281398google scholar: lookup
                  60. Mendez DH, Kelly J, Buttner P, Nowak M, Speare R. Management of the slowly emerging zoonosis, Hendra virus, by private veterinarians in Queensland, Australia: a qualitative study. BMC Vet Res 2014 Sep 17;10:215.
                    doi: 10.1186/s12917-014-0215-6pubmed: 25224910google scholar: lookup
                  61. McMichael LA, Edson D, Field H. Measuring physiological stress in Australian flying-fox populations. Ecohealth 2014 Sep;11(3):400-8.
                    doi: 10.1007/s10393-014-0954-7pubmed: 24990534google scholar: lookup
                  62. Smith C, Skelly C, Kung N, Roberts B, Field H. Flying-fox species density--a spatial risk factor for Hendra virus infection in horses in eastern Australia. PLoS One 2014;9(6):e99965.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099965pubmed: 24936789google scholar: lookup
                  63. Scanlan JC, Kung NY, Selleck PW, Field HE. Survival of hendra virus in the environment: modelling the effect of temperature. Ecohealth 2015 Mar;12(1):121-30.
                    doi: 10.1007/s10393-014-0920-4pubmed: 24643861google scholar: lookup
                  64. Wang HH, Kung NY, Grant WE, Scanlan JC, Field HE. Recrudescent infection supports Hendra virus persistence in Australian flying-fox populations. PLoS One 2013;8(11):e80430.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080430pubmed: 24312221google scholar: lookup
                  65. Kung N, McLaughlin A, Taylor M, Moloney B, Wright T, Field H. Hendra virus and horse owners--risk perception and management. PLoS One 2013;8(11):e80897.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080897pubmed: 24260503google scholar: lookup
                  66. Sendow I, Ratnawati A, Taylor T, Adjid RM, Saepulloh M, Barr J, Wong F, Daniels P, Field H. Nipah virus in the fruit bat Pteropus vampyrus in Sumatera, Indonesia. PLoS One 2013;8(7):e69544.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069544pubmed: 23894501google scholar: lookup
                  67. Liu S, Li X, Chen Z, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Liao Y, Zhou J, Ke X, Ma L, Xiao J, Wu Y, Chen Z, Zhou J, Zheng X, Li J, Chen Q. Comparison of genomic and amino acid sequences of eight Japanese encephalitis virus isolates from bats. Arch Virol 2013 Dec;158(12):2543-52.
                    doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1777-5pubmed: 23836395google scholar: lookup
                  68. Breed AC, Meers J, Sendow I, Bossart KN, Barr JA, Smith I, Wacharapluesadee S, Wang L, Field HE. The distribution of henipaviruses in Southeast Asia and Australasia: is Wallace's line a barrier to Nipah virus?. PLoS One 2013;8(4):e61316.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061316pubmed: 23637812google scholar: lookup
                  69. Smith I, Wang LF. Bats and their virome: an important source of emerging viruses capable of infecting humans. Curr Opin Virol 2013 Feb;3(1):84-91.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.11.006pubmed: 23265969google scholar: lookup
                  70. Rahman SA, Hassan L, Epstein JH, Mamat ZC, Yatim AM, Hassan SS, Field HE, Hughes T, Westrum J, Naim MS, Suri AS, Jamaluddin AA, Daszak P. Risk Factors for Nipah virus infection among pteropid bats, Peninsular Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 Jan;19(1):51-60.
                    doi: 10.3201/eid1901.120221pubmed: 23261015google scholar: lookup
                  71. Hayman DT, Bowen RA, Cryan PM, McCracken GF, O'Shea TJ, Peel AJ, Gilbert A, Webb CT, Wood JL. Ecology of zoonotic infectious diseases in bats: current knowledge and future directions. Zoonoses Public Health 2013 Feb;60(1):2-21.
                    doi: 10.1111/zph.12000pubmed: 22958281google scholar: lookup
                  72. Smith I, Broos A, de Jong C, Zeddeman A, Smith C, Smith G, Moore F, Barr J, Crameri G, Marsh G, Tachedjian M, Yu M, Kung YH, Wang LF, Field H. Identifying Hendra virus diversity in pteropid bats. PLoS One 2011;6(9):e25275.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025275pubmed: 21980413google scholar: lookup
                  Subscribe to our newsletter
                  Join 99,911 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.