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Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Microbiol / Henipavirus zoonosis: outbreaks, animal hosts and potential ...
Frontiers in microbiology2023; 14; 1167085; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1167085

Henipavirus zoonosis: outbreaks, animal hosts and potential new emergence.

Abstract: Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are biosafety level 4 zoonotic pathogens causing severe and often fatal neurological and respiratory disease. These agents have been recognized by the World Health Organization as top priority pathogens expected to result in severe future outbreaks. HeV has caused sporadic infections in horses and a small number of human cases in Australia since 1994. The NiV Malaysia genotype (NiV-M) was responsible for the 1998-1999 epizootic outbreak in pigs with spillover to humans in Malaysia and Singapore. Since 2001, the NiV Bangladesh genotype (NiV-B) has been the predominant strain leading to outbreaks almost every year in Bangladesh and India, with hundreds of infections in humans. The natural reservoir hosts of HeV and NiV are fruit bats, which carry the viruses without clinical manifestation. The transmission pathways of henipaviruses from bats to humans remain poorly understood. Transmissions are often bridged by an intermediate animal host, which amplifies and spreads the viruses to humans. Horses and pigs are known intermediate hosts for the HeV outbreaks in Australia and NiV-M epidemic in Malaysia and Singapore, respectively. During the NiV-B outbreaks in Bangladesh, following initial spillover thought to be through the consumption of date palm sap, the spread of infection was largely human-to-human transmission. Spillover of NiV-B in recent outbreaks in India is less understood, with the primary route of transmission from bat reservoir to the initial human infection case(s) unknown and no intermediate host established. This review aims to provide a concise update on the epidemiology of henipaviruses covering their previous and current outbreaks with emphasis on the known and potential role of livestock as intermediate hosts in disease transmission. Also included is an up-to-date summary of newly emerging henipa-like viruses and animal hosts. In these contexts we discuss knowledge gaps and new challenges in the field and propose potential future directions.
Copyright © 2023 Li, Kim and Pickering.
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Publication Date: 2023-07-17 PubMed ID: 37529329PubMed Central: PMC10387552DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1167085Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Introduction:

  • Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are extremely dangerous viruses that can spread from animals to humans, causing severe respiratory and neurological diseases. These diseases often lead to death.
  • The World Health Organization has highlighted these viruses as top concerns, expecting them to cause serious outbreaks in the future.

Outbreak History:

  • Hendra virus (HeV):
    • Has caused occasional infections in horses and a few humans in Australia since 1994.
  • Nipah virus (NiV):
    • Has two main types: The Malaysia genotype (NiV-M) and the Bangladesh genotype (NiV-B).
    • NiV-M caused an outbreak in pigs and spread to humans in Malaysia and Singapore between 1998 and 1999.
    • Since 2001, NiV-B has been causing almost yearly outbreaks in Bangladesh and India, infecting hundreds of people.

Transmission:

  • Reservoir Hosts: The main carriers of both HeV and NiV are fruit bats, which can carry these viruses without showing any signs of illness themselves.
  • Transmission Pathways: How these viruses spread from bats to humans isn’t fully understood. Often, another animal acts as a “middleman”, catching the virus from bats and then spreading it to humans.
    • For HeV in Australia, horses have been this middleman.
    • For the NiV-M outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore, pigs played this role.
    • For the NiV-B outbreaks in Bangladesh, the virus was initially thought to spread to humans from bats through the consumption of date palm sap. After that, most infections spread from human to human.
    • The way NiV-B spread in recent outbreaks in India is unclear, as the initial source of the virus and whether there was a middleman animal is unknown.

Review’s Aim:

  • This review intends to provide an updated overview of the outbreaks caused by these viruses.
  • It places particular focus on the role of livestock (like horses, pigs, etc.) in spreading these diseases.
  • The review also presents the latest information on newly discovered viruses similar to HeV and NiV and their animal carriers.
  • The goal is to highlight what we don’t yet know about these viruses and to suggest future areas of study.

In simpler terms, HeV and NiV are dangerous viruses that spread from animals to humans, causing serious diseases. Fruit bats are the main carriers of these viruses, but often another animal like a horse or pig can spread the virus to humans. The review aims to summarize the history of these virus outbreaks and the role of different animals in spreading them. It also points out areas where more research is needed.

Cite This Article

APA
Li H, Kim JV, Pickering BS. (2023). Henipavirus zoonosis: outbreaks, animal hosts and potential new emergence. Front Microbiol, 14, 1167085. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1167085

Publication

Frontiers in microbiology
ISSN: 1664-302X
NlmUniqueID: 101548977
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Pages: 1167085

Researcher Affiliations

Li, Hongzhao
  • National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Kim, Ji-Young V
  • National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
Pickering, Bradley S
  • National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
  • Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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