Henipaviruses in their natural animal hosts.
Abstract: Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) form a separate genus Henipavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, and are classified as biosafety level 4 pathogens due to their high case fatality rate following human infection and because of the lack of effective vaccines or therapy. Both viruses emerged from their natural reservoir during the last decade of the twentieth century, causing severe disease in humans, horses and swine, and infecting a number of other mammalian species. The current review summarizes our up to date understanding of pathology and pathogenesis in the natural reservoir species, the Pteropus bat, and in the equine and porcine spill over species.
Publication Date: 2012-04-06 PubMed ID: 22476529DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_210Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Review
Summary
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The research paper analyses the Henipaviruses, specifically Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), their pathology, and their pathogenesis within different host species, such as the Pteropus bat, horses, and swine.
Introduction to Henipaviruses
- The study focuses on two types of Henipaviruses – the Hendra virus (HeV) and the Nipah virus (NiV). These are classified as biosafety level 4 pathogens due to their high case fatality rate in humans and the absence of effective vaccines or therapy.
- HeV and NiV exist within the family Paramyxoviridae, forming a distinctive genus known as Henipavirus.
- The emergence of these viruses was seen at the end of the twentieth century, causing severe disease in humans, horses, and swine, and infecting a range of other mammalian species.
Disease Pathology and Pathogenesis
- The research highlights an updated understanding of the pathology and pathogenesis of these Henipaviruses.
- Pathology refers to the study of disease – its causes, processes, development, and consequences. In this context, it means understanding how the Henipaviruses cause disease in their host species.
- Pathogenesis, on the other hand, involves the mechanisms that lead to the development of diseases. In the case of Henipaviruses, it relates to how these viruses replicate, spread, and subsequently cause disease in the affected species.
The Natural Reservoir Species: The Pteropus bat
- The research delves into the role of the Pteropus bat as a natural reservoir for these viruses.
- A natural reservoir refers to a host species that naturally harbors the pathogen but does not show signs of disease. In this case, Pteropus bats can carry the Henipavirus without being affected by it.
- Understanding the relationship between the Pteropus bat and the Henipaviruses is crucial as it can give insights into how these viruses might be transmitted to other species.
Spill Over Species: Horses and Swine
- The paper also discusses the Henipaviruses’ pathogenesis and pathology in ‘spill over’ species, such as horses and swine.
- In epidemiology, a ‘spill over’ event occurs when a pathogen jumps from its natural reservoir to a new host species, often due to changes in the environment, the host, or the pathogen itself. A good understanding of such events can help in the effective management and control of these diseases.
- The research is thus geared towards understanding how these viruses cause disease in horses and swine and what might possibly cause these spill over events.
Cite This Article
APA
Middleton DJ, Weingartl HM.
(2012).
Henipaviruses in their natural animal hosts.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 359, 105-121.
https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2012_210 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Australia.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Blood Vessels / pathology
- Blood Vessels / virology
- Central Nervous System / pathology
- Central Nervous System / virology
- Chiroptera / virology
- Hendra Virus / pathogenicity
- Hendra Virus / physiology
- Henipavirus Infections / pathology
- Henipavirus Infections / veterinary
- Henipavirus Infections / virology
- Horse Diseases / pathology
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses / virology
- Humans
- Lung / pathology
- Lung / virology
- Nipah Virus / pathogenicity
- Nipah Virus / physiology
- Swine / virology
- Swine Diseases / pathology
- Swine Diseases / virology
Citations
This article has been cited 21 times.- Elvert M, Sauerhering L, Heiner A, Maisner A. Isolation of Primary Porcine Bronchial Epithelial Cells for Nipah Virus Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2023;2682:103-120.
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