[Historical development of drug testing in Swiss equestrian sports].
Abstract: The goal of this study was to describe the development of equine drug testing in horses in Switzerland. This was achieved through evaluation of a film made by the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the University of Basel entitled 'Doping von Rennpferden' [Doping of Race Horses], toxicological detection, 1962', the analysis of doping test results of the Swiss Equestrian Federation and by interviewing individuals of various professions who were involved in equine drug testing at the time. The study compares early and modern methods of drug testing and highlights the changes in the attitude of equestrian athletes, horse owners and the general public toward doping in equestrian sports. The high sensitivity of modern analytical methods allows the detection of drugs at levels considerably below therapeutic concentrations. This has resulted in a shift from zero tolerance for Controlled Medication Substances to the establishment of sub-therapeutic threshold concentrations. The lists of performance-enhancing drugs used in doping are updated continually. It became clear from this work that in the early 1960s, Switzerland played a leadership role in anti-doping in equestrian sports, and that the efforts to keep the sport free of performance-enhancing drugs remain exemplary. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Anfänge der Medikationskontrolle im Schweizer Pferdesport zu untersuchen. Diese Arbeit umfasst die Auswertung des Films „Doping von Rennpferden, Toxikologischer Nachweis, Film von 1962“ des Gerichtlich-medizinischen Instituts in Basel, Befragungen von Zeitzeugen aus diversen Fachrichtungen sowie die Auswertung der Dopinganalysen des Schweizerischen Verbandes für Pferdesport (SVPS) der letzten 25 Jahre. Die Recherchen zeigen, wie früher Dopingkontrollen im Schweizer Pferdesport im Vergleich zu heute durchgeführt wurden, und wie sich die Einstellung der Reiter, Pferdebesitzer und allgemeinen Bevölkerung zu diesem Thema mit den Jahren verändert hat. Aufgrund der hohen Sensitivität der heute eingesetzten Analysemethoden können viele Wirkstoffe bereits in pharmakologisch nicht wirksamen Konzentrationen detektiert werden. Dies führte bei den kontrollierten Medikamenten (Controlled Medication Substances) zu einem Trend weg von der sogenannten „Nulltoleranz“ bis hin zur Anwendung von therapeutisch unwirksamen Grenzwerten. Die Listen der dopingrelevanten Substanzen werden fortlaufend angepasst. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass die Schweiz zu Beginn der 60er Jahre eine Vorreiterrolle im Bereich Medikationskontrolle im Pferdesport spielte und die Bestrebungen zur Erhaltung eines sauberen Pferdesportes auch heute vorbildlich sind. Le but du présent travail était d’étudier les débuts des contrôles de médication dans le sport équestre suisse. Il comprend l’analyse du film „Dopage de chevaux de course, mise en évidence toxicologique“, un film de 1962 de l’Institut médico-légal de Bâle, une enquête auprès de témoins de l’époque provenant de divers milieux et l’exploitation des résultats des analyses de dopage de la Fédération Suisse des Sports Equestres (FSSE). Ces recherchent montrent comment les contrôles antidopage étaient effectués à l’époque en comparaison à aujourd’hui et comment le positionnement des cavaliers, des propriétaires et de la population en général sur cette question s’est modifiée au cours des années. Vu la très haute sensibilité des méthodes d’analyse utilisées actuellement, de nombreuses substances peuvent être aujourd’hui détectées dans des concentrations sans effet pharmacologique. Cela a conduit pour les médicaments contrôlés (Controlled Medication Substances) a une tendance à l’abandon de la „tolérance zéro“ et à l’utilisation de valeurs-limites sans effet thérapeutique. Les listes des substances dopantes sont continuellement mises à jour. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que la Suisse, au début des années soixante, a joué un rôle de précurseur dans le contrôle de médication dans les sports équestres et que ses efforts pour le maintien d’un sport équestre propre restent exemplaires aujourd’hui. Lo scopo di questo studio era di indagare le origini del controllo dei farmaci nel mondo ippico svizzero. Questo lavoro comprende la valutazione del film “Doping von Rennpferden, Toxikologischer Nachweis” (Doping dei cavalli da corsa, indagine tossicologica) del 1962 dell’Istituto di medicina legale di Basilea, interviste di testimoni da varie discipline, nonché la valutazione delle analisi di doping della Federazione Svizzera Sport Equestri (FSSE) negli ultimi 25 anni. Le ricerche mostrano, come erano effettuati i controlli di doping nel mondo equestre svizzero passato in relazione al giorno d’oggi e come l’attitudine su questo tema dei cavalieri, dei detentori di cavalli e della popolazione in generale è cambiata nel corso degli anni. A causa dell’elevata sensibilità dei metodi di analisi odierni, molti principi attivi possono essere rilevati già in concentrazioni farmacologicamente inefficaci. Questo ha condotto nei farmaci controllati (Controlled Medication Substances) lontano dalla cosiddetta “tolleranza zero” fino all’uso di valori limiti terapeuticamente non attivi. Gli elenchi delle sostanze dopanti rilevanti sono continuamente aggiornati. I risultati di questo studio mostrano che la Svizzera ha giocato, agli inizi degli anni ‘60, un ruolo pionieristico nel campo del controllo dei farmaci nello sport equestre e gli sforzi per mantenere un ambiente pulito negli sport equestri sono esemplari ancora oggi.
Publication Date: 2016-08-16 PubMed ID: 27518445DOI: 10.17236/sat00058Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Historical Article
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Summary
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This research explores the history and evolution of drug testing in equestrian sports in Switzerland. It includes analysis of an early film, discussions with key players of the time, and comparing early detection methods with modern techniques, ultimately highlighting an ongoing commitment to keeping equestrian sports drug-free.
Research Methodology
- The research includes evaluating a historical film called ‘Doping von Rennpferden’ [Doping of Race Horses], produced by the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the University of Basel in 1962.
- Test results from the Swiss Equestrian Federation were analyzed to get a sense of the evolution of testing methods, threshold limitations, and the range of substances detected.
- Several individuals from various professions who were involved in equine drug testing and equestrian sports during the early days were interviewed. This provided a firsthand insight into the attitudes prevalent at the time.
Comparison of Early and Modern Testing Methods
- The study points out that the sensitivity of modern analysis techniques is high, leading to drugs being detected at levels considerably lower than therapeutic concentrations.
- This has changed the approach from complete intolerance for Controlled Medication Substances to establishing threshold levels below which the substances are deemed non-harmful.
Changing Attitudes
- The study reveals changes in the attitudes of equestrian athletes, horse owners, and the general public towards doping in equestrian sports over time.
Continuous Updates and Adjustments
- The lists of performance-enhancing drugs are continually being updated, indicative of the adaptive nature of monitoring and controlling doping in equestrian sports.
Conclusion
- The study concludes by highlighting the pioneering role that Switzerland played in anti-doping efforts in equestrian sports in the early 1960s, and how these efforts remain exemplary in keeping the sport free of performance-enhancing drugs.
Cite This Article
APA
Bachmann V, von Salis B, Fürst A.
(2016).
[Historical development of drug testing in Swiss equestrian sports].
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 158(4), 259-265.
https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00058 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Tierarztpraxis Schlimperg AG, Effretikon.
- Horse Consulting AG, Mammern.
- Departement für Pferde, Universität Zürich.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Horses
- Sports
- Substance Abuse Detection / history
- Substance Abuse Detection / veterinary
- Switzerland
Citations
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