Analyze Diet
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2023; 13(10); 1594; doi: 10.3390/ani13101594

Human Injuries Associated with the Transport of Horses by Road.

Abstract: There is an increased understanding of shared human-animal risk in terms of "one welfare", whereby when animals are at risk, so are people, so preventing injury to one species may also prevent injury to the other. Because transport-related injuries to horses are common, the authors considered this paradigm to study road equine transport-related injuries to humans in New Zealand. The aim was to determine their frequency and associated factors by distributing a survey to horse industry participants through industry organisations asking about their horse activities, road transport experiences, and any related self-injury. There were 112/1067 (10.5%) handlers injured while preparing (13/112), loading (39/112), traveling (6/112), or unloading (33/112). Of these, 40% had multiple injury types, and 33% had several body regions affected. Hand injuries were most common (46%), followed by the foot (25%), arm (17%), and head or face (15%). Median recovery time was 7 days. Injuries were associated with the responder's industry educational background, years of driving experience, and reporting a horse injured during road transport in the past two years. Wearing helmets and gloves, and adopting strategies designed to eliminate equine injuries associated with the road transport of horses to reduce the risk of injury to their handlers are recommended.
Publication Date: 2023-05-10 PubMed ID: 37238024PubMed Central: PMC10215915DOI: 10.3390/ani13101594Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigated the rate and causes of injuries to humans while transporting horses by road in New Zealand, with a call for safety measures like wearing helmets and gloves to reduce occurrences.

Objectives and Methodology of the Study

  • The study aimed to examine the frequency of injuries sustained by humans while transporting horses by road in New Zealand and the factors associated with these injuries.
  • To gather data, the researchers distributed a survey to horse industry participants through industry organizations. This questionnaire sought information about the participants’ horse activities, their experiences relating to road transport, and any related injuries they had sustained to themselves.

Results of the Study

  • From the 1067 participants in the survey, 112 (or 10.5%) reported being injured while preparing, loading, traveling, or unloading horses. Among these injured respondents, 40% reported multiple types of injuries and a third had injuries in multiple body regions.
  • The most common injuries were to the hand (46%), followed by foot (25%), arm (17%), and head or face injuries (15%). The median recovery time for these injuries was 7 days.
  • The respondents’ level of education in the industry, years of driving experience, and past incidents of horse injuries during road transport were found to be factors associated with the occurrence of these injuries.

Conclusion and Recommendations of the Study

  • In conclusion, the study demonstrated a significant level of risk associated with human injuries during the road transportation of horses. The results lend support to the concept of “one welfare”, which proposes that when animals are at risk, humans are often at risk too.
  • Based on the research findings, the authors recommended that horse transport handlers should wear safety equipment such as helmets and gloves. Additionally, they suggested implementing strategies that would reduce injuries to horses during transport, as this would also decrease the risk of injury to the people handling them.

Cite This Article

APA
Riley CB, Padalino B, Rogers CW, Thompson KR. (2023). Human Injuries Associated with the Transport of Horses by Road. Animals (Basel), 13(10), 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13101594

Publication

ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 10
PII: 1594

Researcher Affiliations

Riley, Christopher B
  • Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
  • School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
Padalino, Barbara
  • Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Viale Fanin 50, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Rogers, Chris W
  • School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
Thompson, Kirrilly R
  • School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.
  • Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, NSW 2287, Australia.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 54 references
  1. Camargo F, Gombeski WRJ, Barger P, Jehlik C, Wiemers H, Mead J, Lawyer A. Horse-related injuries: Causes, preventability, and where educational efforts should be focused.. Cogent Food Agric 2018;4:1432168.
  2. Lindahl C, Bergman Bruhn Å, Andersson IM. Occupational Safety Climate in the Swedish Equine Sector.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Feb 11;12(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12040438pmc: PMC8868110pubmed: 35203148google scholar: lookup
  3. Abu-Kishk I, Klin B, Gilady-Doron N, Jeroukhimov I, Eshel G. Hospitalization due to horse-related injuries: has anything changed? A 25 year survey.. Isr Med Assoc J 2013 Apr;15(4):169-72.
    pubmed: 23781751
  4. Lower T, Mitchell RJ. Farm injury hospitalisations in New South Wales (2010 to 2014).. Aust N Z J Public Health 2017 Aug;41(4):388-393.
    doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12686pubmed: 28712118google scholar: lookup
  5. Meredith L, Brolin K, Ekman R, Thomson R. Analyses of injuries to equestrians in a Swedish district over a 16-year period.. Transl. Sports Med. 2019;2:270–278.
    doi: 10.1002/tsm2.94google scholar: lookup
  6. Samuels K, Bettis A, Davenport DL, Bernard AC. Occupational vs. non-occupational equestrians: Differences in demographics and injury patterns.. Injury 2022 Jan;53(1):171-175.
    doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.10.033pubmed: 34794802google scholar: lookup
  7. Meredith L, Antoun JS. Horse-related facial injuries: the perceptions and experiences of riding schools.. Inj Prev 2011 Feb;17(1):55-7.
    doi: 10.1136/ip.2010.027177pubmed: 20805615google scholar: lookup
  8. Pollard D, Grewar JD. Cars dent, horse riders break: Analysis of police-recorded injury incidents involving ridden horses on public roads in Great Britain.. J Safety Res 2023 Feb;84:86-98.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.10.010pubmed: 36868677google scholar: lookup
  9. Papachristos A, Edwards E, Dowrick A, Gosling C. A description of the severity of equestrian-related injuries (ERIs) using clinical parameters and patient-reported outcomes.. Injury 2014 Sep;45(9):1484-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.04.017pubmed: 24933441google scholar: lookup
  10. Thompson KR, Leighton M, Riley CB. Helping hands, hurting hooves: The need for a multidisciplinary paradigm of large animal rescue.. Aust. J. Emerg. Manag. 2015;30:53–59.
  11. Thompson K, McGreevy P, McManus P. A Critical Review of Horse-Related Risk: A Research Agenda for Safer Mounts, Riders and Equestrian Cultures.. Animals (Basel) 2015 Jul 17;5(3):561-75.
    doi: 10.3390/ani5030372pmc: PMC4598694pubmed: 26479374google scholar: lookup
  12. Vroegindewey G, Kertis K. Veterinary Services: health, safety and wellness for veterinary professionals in disaster preparedness and response.. Rev Sci Tech 2020 Aug;39(2):615-623.
    doi: 10.20506/rst.39.2.3111pubmed: 33046915google scholar: lookup
  13. Stallones L, McManus P, McGreevy P. Sustainability and the Thoroughbred Breeding and Racing Industries: An Enhanced One Welfare Perspective.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Jan 31;13(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13030490pmc: PMC9913237pubmed: 36766378google scholar: lookup
  14. Luke KL, McAdie T, Smith BP, Warren-Smith AK. New insights into ridden horse behaviour, horse welfare and horse-related safety.. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2022;246:1055539.
  15. Rosanowski SM, Cogger N, Rogers CW, Bolwell CF, Benschop J, Stevenson MA. Analysis of horse movements from non-commercial horse properties in New Zealand.. N Z Vet J 2013 Sep;61(5):245-53.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.2012.750571pubmed: 23441839google scholar: lookup
  16. Rosanowski SM, Cogger N, Rogers CW. An investigation of the movement patterns and biosecurity practices on Thoroughbred and Standardbred stud farms in New Zealand.. Prev Vet Med 2013 Feb 1;108(2-3):178-87.
  17. Rosanowski SM, Rogers CW, Bolwell CF, Cogger N. The movement pattern of horses around race meetings in New Zealand.. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2015;55:1075–1080.
    doi: 10.1071/AN13345google scholar: lookup
  18. Padalino B, Rogers CW, Guiver D, Bridges JP, Riley CB. Risk Factors for Transport-Related Problem Behaviors in Horses: A New Zealand Survey.. Animals (Basel) 2018 Aug 2;8(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani8080134pmc: PMC6115720pubmed: 30072591google scholar: lookup
  19. Riley CB, Rogers CW, Thompson KR, Guiver D, Padalino B. A Survey-Based Analysis of Injuries to Horses Associated with Transport by Road in New Zealand.. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jan 21;12(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12030259pmc: PMC8833432pubmed: 35158585google scholar: lookup
  20. Padalino B, Raidal SL, Hall E, Knight P, Celi P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. A Survey on Transport Management Practices Associated with Injuries and Health Problems in Horses.. PLoS One 2016;11(9):e0162371.
  21. Riley CB, Noble BR, Bridges J, Hazel SJ, Thompson K. Horse Injury during Non-Commercial Transport: Findings from Researcher-Assisted Intercept Surveys at Southeastern Australian Equestrian Events.. Animals (Basel) 2016 Oct 25;6(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ani6110065pmc: PMC5126767pubmed: 27792128google scholar: lookup
  22. Padalino B, Hens C, Raidal SL, Knight P, Celi P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. Investigations into equine transport-related problem behaviors: Survey results.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2017;48:166–173.
  23. Hall C, Kay R, Green J. A Retrospective Survey of Factors Affecting the Risk of Incidents and Equine Injury During Non-Commercial Transportation by Road in the United Kingdom.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Feb 12;10(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10020288pmc: PMC7070744pubmed: 32059511google scholar: lookup
  24. Dai F, Zappaterra M, Minero M, Bocchini F, Riley CB, Padalino B. Equine Transport-Related Problem Behaviors and Injuries: A Survey of Italian Horse Industry Members.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jan 18;11(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11010223pmc: PMC7831101pubmed: 33477521google scholar: lookup
  25. Thompson K, Matthews C. Inroads into Equestrian Safety: Rider-Reported Factors Contributing to Horse-Related Accidents and Near Misses on Australian Roads.. Animals (Basel) 2015 Jul 22;5(3):592-609.
    doi: 10.3390/ani5030374pmc: PMC4598696pubmed: 26479376google scholar: lookup
  26. Pollard D, Grewar JD. Equestrian Road Safety in the United Kingdom: Factors Associated with Collisions and Horse Fatalities.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Dec 15;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10122403pmc: PMC7765430pubmed: 33334012google scholar: lookup
  27. Husted R. How to respond to equine trailer crashes on the roads. Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners; Nashville, TN, USA. 4–8 December 2021; pp. 435–450.
  28. Ferguson DL, Rosales-Ruiz J. Loading the problem loader: the effects of target training and shaping on trailer-loading behavior of horses.. J Appl Behav Anal 2001 Winter;34(4):409-23.
    doi: 10.1901/jaba.2001.34-409pmc: PMC1284337pubmed: 11800182google scholar: lookup
  29. Yngvesson J, de Boussard E, Larsson M, Lundberg A. Loading horses (Equus caballus) onto trailers—Behaviour of horses and horse owners during loading and habituating.. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2016;184:59–65.
  30. Padalino B, Rogers CW, Guiver D, Thompson KR, Riley CB. A Survey-Based Investigation of Human Factors Associated With Transport Related Injuries in Horses.. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:294.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00294pmc: PMC6262080pubmed: 30525050google scholar: lookup
  31. Riley CB, Rogers CW, Padalino B. Effects of vehicle type, driver experience and transport management during loading and in-transit on the welfare of road transport horses in New Zealand.. Proc. N. Z. Soc. Anim. Prod. 2018;78:92–95.
  32. New Zealand Racing Board. Size and Scope of the New Zealand Racing Industry.. IER Pty Ltd.; Kensington, Australia: 2010.
  33. Matheson A, Akoorie ME. Economic Impact Report on the New Zealand Sport Horse Industry.. The University of Waikato; Hamilton, New Zealand: 2012.
  34. Dean RS. The use and abuse of questionnaires in veterinary medicine.. Equine Vet J 2015 Jul;47(4):379-80.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12429pubmed: 25846780google scholar: lookup
  35. Christley RM. Questionnaire survey response rates in equine research.. Equine Vet J 2016 Mar;48(2):138-9.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12552pubmed: 26820584google scholar: lookup
  36. Thompson KR, Clarkson L, Riley CB, van den Berg M. Horse-keeping practices in Australia: findings from a national online survey of horse owners.. Aust Vet J 2017 Nov;95(11):437-443.
    doi: 10.1111/avj.12639pubmed: 29076216google scholar: lookup
  37. Swedish Equestrian Federation. [(accessed on 16 April 2023)]. Available online: https://www.ridsport.se/Omoss/Statistik/
  38. DeAraugo J, McLaren S, McManus P, McGreevy PD. Improving the Understanding of Psychological Factors Contributing to Horse-Related Accident and Injury: Context, Loss of Focus, Cognitive Errors and Rigidity.. Animals (Basel) 2016 Feb 15;6(2).
    doi: 10.3390/ani6020012pmc: PMC4773739pubmed: 26891333google scholar: lookup
  39. Chapman M, Thomas M, Thompson K. What People Really Think About Safety around Horses: The Relationship between Risk Perception, Values and Safety Behaviours.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Nov 26;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10122222pmc: PMC7761269pubmed: 33256171google scholar: lookup
  40. Lang J, Sathivelu M, Tetsworth K, Pollard C, Harvey K, Bellamy N. The epidemiology of horse-related injuries for different horse exposures, activities, and age groups in Queensland, Australia.. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014 Jan;76(1):205-12.
    doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3182a9007epubmed: 24368381google scholar: lookup
  41. Smartt P, Chalmers D. A new look at horse-related sport and recreational injury in New Zealand.. J Sci Med Sport 2009 May;12(3):376-82.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.04.001pubmed: 18762456google scholar: lookup
  42. Carmichael SP 2nd, Davenport DL, Kearney PA, Bernard AC. On and off the horse: mechanisms and patterns of injury in mounted and unmounted equestrians.. Injury 2014 Sep;45(9):1479-83.
  43. Savage G, Liesegang A, Campbell J, Lyon M, Fry D. Horse and Cattle-Related Trauma: A Retrospective Review of Injuries and Management in a Regional Queensland Hospital.. Cureus 2023 Mar;15(3):e35746.
    doi: 10.7759/cureus.35746pmc: PMC9988439pubmed: 36895523google scholar: lookup
  44. Swanberg JE, Clouser JM, Westneat SC, Marsh MW, Reed DB. Occupational injuries on thoroughbred horse farms: a description of Latino and non-Latino workers' experiences.. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013 Nov 29;10(12):6500-16.
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph10126500pmc: PMC3881127pubmed: 24351785google scholar: lookup
  45. Flunker JC, Clouser JM, Swanberg JE. Analysis of Thoroughbred horse farm workers' compensation insurance claims in Kentucky: Injury frequency, cost, lost time, and associated occupational factors.. Am J Ind Med 2020 Oct;63(10):936-948.
    doi: 10.1002/ajim.23159pubmed: 32725660google scholar: lookup
  46. Riley CB, Liddiard JR, Thompson K. A Cross-Sectional Study of Horse-Related Injuries in Veterinary and Animal Science Students at an Australian University.. Animals (Basel) 2015 Sep 25;5(4):951-64.
    doi: 10.3390/ani5040392pmc: PMC4693196pubmed: 26479478google scholar: lookup
  47. Haigh L, Thompson K. Helmet Use Amongst Equestrians: Harnessing Social and Attitudinal Factors Revealed in Online Forums.. Animals (Basel) 2015 Jul 17;5(3):576-91.
    doi: 10.3390/ani5030373pmc: PMC4598695pubmed: 26479375google scholar: lookup
  48. Woods J, Grandin T. Fatigue: a major cause of commercial livestock truck accidents.. Vet Ital 2008 Jan-Mar;44(1):259-62.
    pubmed: 20405431
  49. Christie JL, Hewson CJ, Riley CB, Mcniven MA, Dohoo IR, Bate LA. Demographics, management, and welfare of nonracing horses in Prince Edward Island.. Can Vet J 2004 Dec;45(12):1004-11.
    pmc: PMC554751pubmed: 15646847
  50. Padalino B, Raidal SL, Hall E, Knight P, Celi P, Jeffcott L, Muscatello G. Survey of horse transportation in Australia: issues and practices.. Aust Vet J 2016 Oct;94(10):349-57.
    doi: 10.1111/avj.12486pubmed: 27671078google scholar: lookup
  51. Rogers CW, Gee E, Bolwell C. Horse production.. In: Stafford K., editor. Livestock Production in New Zealand. Massey University Press; Auckland, New Zealand: 2017. pp. 253–279.
  52. Chapman M, Thompson K. Preventing and Investigating Horse-Related Human Injury and Fatality in Work and Non-Work Equestrian Environments: A Consideration of the Workplace Health and Safety Framework.. Animals (Basel) 2016 May 6;6(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani6050033pmc: PMC4880850pubmed: 27164148google scholar: lookup
  53. Starling M, McLean A, McGreevy P. The Contribution of Equitation Science to Minimising Horse-Related Risks to Humans.. Animals (Basel) 2016 Feb 23;6(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani6030015pmc: PMC4810043pubmed: 26907354google scholar: lookup
  54. Hawson LA, McLean AN, McGreevy PD. The roles of equine ethology and applied learning theory in horse-related human injuries.. J. Vet. Behav. 2010;5:324–338.

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.