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Drug testing and analysis2022; 14(5); 902-914; doi: 10.1002/dta.3242

Identification of potential biomarkers in urine and plasma after consumption of tobacco product in horses.

Abstract: The use of nicotine stimulants in horses is generally banned in horse racing and equestrian sports-accidental consumption of tobacco products is one of the possible causes of nicotine exposure in horses. The authors recently reported a comprehensive metabolic study of nicotine in equines, differentiating between nicotine exposure and sample contamination by means of a nicotine biomarker trans-3'-hydroxycotinine. To identify potential biomarkers for the differentiation of genuine nicotine administration and consumption of tobacco products, tobacco leaves (equivalent to 250 mg of nicotine) were nasoesophageally administered to three thoroughbred mares. Quantification methods of anatabine in plasma and urine were newly developed and validated and successfully applied to postadministration samples. Previously reported simultaneous quantification methods of eight target analytes including nicotine and its metabolites in plasma and urine were also applied to the samples. The results demonstrate that both trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and anatabine could be used as potential biomarkers in equine urine and plasma to indicate recent exposure to tobacco products in horses. As well, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine had the longest half-life as a detectable metabolite in urine and plasma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a comprehensive study of tobacco product detection in horses.
© 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2022-03-07 PubMed ID: 35195357DOI: 10.1002/dta.3242Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article explores the detection of nicotine consumption in horses by identifying potential biomarkers in the urine and plasma of horses who have ingested tobacco products.

Objective of the Study

  • The main aim of this research study is to distinguish between horses that have genuinely been administered nicotine and those that have accidentally consumed tobacco products. This differentiation is aimed at enhancing integrity and fairness in equestrian sports where nicotine stimulants are generally banned.

Experimental Process

  • The research team carried this out by administering tobacco leaves (equivalent to 250 mg of nicotine) nasoesophageally to three thoroughbred mares. So, the researchers were able to monitor the horses internally and accumulate direct data.
  • The research team also developed and validated new metrical methods to quantify anatabine in both plasma and urine samples collected from these horses post-administration.
  • Additionally, they applied previously proven simultaneous quantification methods that targeted eight key analytes, including nicotine and its metabolites, in plasma and urine samples.

Findings of the Research

  • The results of the study indicate that the biomarkers trans-3′-hydroxycotinine and anatabine found in equine urine and plasma could serve as potential indicators of recent exposure to tobacco products in horses.
  • The researchers also found that trans-3′-hydroxycotinine had the longest half-life as a detectable metabolite in both urine and plasma. This suggests that this metabolite could prove pivotal in monitoring the use of banned substances in equestrian sports.

Nature of the Study

  • It’s important to highlight that this appears to be the first comprehensive study of tobacco product detection in horses, laying the groundwork for profound advancements in controlling the use of performance-enhancing substances in equestrian sports.

Cite This Article

APA
Ishii H, Leung GN, Yamashita S, Nagata SI, Kushiro A, Sakai S, Toju K, Okada J, Kawasaki K, Kusano K, Kijima-Suda I. (2022). Identification of potential biomarkers in urine and plasma after consumption of tobacco product in horses. Drug Test Anal, 14(5), 902-914. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3242

Publication

Drug testing and analysis
ISSN: 1942-7611
NlmUniqueID: 101483449
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Pages: 902-914

Researcher Affiliations

Ishii, Hideaki
  • Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan.
  • Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
Leung, Gary Ngai-Wa
  • Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan.
Yamashita, Shozo
  • Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan.
Nagata, Shun-Ichi
  • Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan.
Kushiro, Asuka
  • Equine Research Institute, Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
Sakai, Satoshi
  • Race Horse Hospital, Miho Training Center, JRA, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan.
Toju, Kota
  • Race Horse Hospital, Miho Training Center, JRA, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan.
Okada, Jun
  • Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
Kawasaki, Kazumi
  • Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
Kusano, Kanichi
  • Race Horse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, JRA, Ritto, Shiga, Japan.
Kijima-Suda, Isao
  • Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Biomarkers / urine
  • Body Fluids / metabolism
  • Cotinine
  • Female
  • Horses
  • Nicotine
  • Plasma / metabolism
  • Tobacco Products

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Ishii H, Shibuya M, Kusano K, Sone Y, Kamiya T, Wakuno A, Ito H, Miyata K, Sato F, Kuroda T, Yamada M, Leung GN. Generic approach for the discovery of drug metabolites in horses based on data-dependent acquisition by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and its applications to pharmacokinetic study of daprodustat.. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022 Nov;414(28):8125-8142.
    doi: 10.1007/s00216-022-04347-2pubmed: 36181513google scholar: lookup
  2. Ishii H, Shibuya M, Kusano K, Sone Y, Kamiya T, Wakuno A, Ito H, Miyata K, Sato F, Kuroda T, Yamada M, Leung GN. Pharmacokinetic Study of Vadadustat and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Characterization of its Novel Metabolites in Equines for the Purpose of Doping Control.. Curr Drug Metab 2022;23(10):850-865.
    doi: 10.2174/1389200223666220825093945pubmed: 36017833google scholar: lookup
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