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Vaccines2014; 2(2); 397-421; doi: 10.3390/vaccines2020397

Identifying the Conditions Under Which Antibodies Protect Against Infection by Equine Infectious Anemia Virus.

Abstract: The ability to predict the conditions under which antibodies protect against viral infection would transform our approach to vaccine development. A more complete understanding is needed of antibody protection against lentivirus infection, as well as the role of mutation in resistance to an antibody vaccine. Recently, an example of antibody-mediated vaccine protection has been shown via passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies before equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infection of horses with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Viral dynamic modeling of antibody protection from EIAV infection in SCID horses may lead to insights into the mechanisms of control of infection by antibody vaccination. In this work, such a model is constructed in conjunction with data from EIAV infection of SCID horses to gain insights into multiple strain competition in the presence of antibody control. Conditions are determined under which wild-type infection is eradicated with the antibody vaccine. In addition, a three-strain competition model is considered in which a second mutant strain may coexist with the first mutant strain. The conditions that permit viral escape by the mutant strains are determined, as are the effects of variation in the model parameters. This work extends the current understanding of competition and antibody control in lentiviral infection, which may provide insights into the development of vaccines that stimulate the immune system to control infection effectively.
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Publication Date: 2014-05-27 PubMed ID: 26344625PubMed Central: PMC4494265DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020397Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The researchers developed a model to understand how antibodies assist in combating the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). They focused on looking at the variables that allow the successful eradication of the wild-type virus using an antibody vaccine, the conditions that facilitate virus escape by mutant strains, and the impact of these model’s variable changes.

Purpose of the Research

  • The primary aim of this research was to better understand and predict the conditions under which antibodies can be protective against viral infection. This outcome could potentially transform vaccine development practices.
  • As part of this aim, the researchers wanted to delve deeper into how antibodies protect against lentivirus infections and the role of viral mutations in resistance to an antibody-based vaccine.

Methodology and Insights

  • A specific case of antibody-mediated vaccine protection was examined; the transfer of neutralizing antibodies before EIAV infection of horses with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). The researchers utilized data from this case to model the dynamics of the virus and observe under what conditions antibody protection exerts control over the virus.
  • Their model also allowed for the exploration of multiple strain competitions in the presence of antibody control. This angle is crucial as it reflects the reality that many viruses, including EIAV, can exist in multiple strains.

Findings

  • By applying their model, the researchers were able to identify the conditions under which an antibody vaccine eradicates the standard or wild-type infection.
  • Considering infections with more complexity, such as those involving multiple dynamic strains, they determined the circumstances that facilitate the escape of mutant viral strains. Essentially, the model allowed them to understand when and how a virus can evade control measures exerted by an antibody vaccine.
  • Furthermore, they were able to observe the effects of variabilities in different parameters of the model, providing a richer understanding of the factors influencing the interaction between the virus and the antibody vaccine.

Implications and Future Research

  • This study broadens our understanding of the interaction between antibodies and viral infections, particularly in terms of competition and control in lentiviral infections.
  • These findings may aid in the development of vaccines that better stimulate the immune system, leading to more effective control of viral infections. However, as this work centered on a model and data from EIAV in SCID horses, further research and testing in other organisms and viruses are necessary to validate and build upon these findings.

Cite This Article

APA
Schwartz EJ, Smith RJ. (2014). Identifying the Conditions Under Which Antibodies Protect Against Infection by Equine Infectious Anemia Virus. Vaccines (Basel), 2(2), 397-421. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines2020397

Publication

Vaccines
ISSN: 2076-393X
NlmUniqueID: 101629355
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 2
Issue: 2
Pages: 397-421

Researcher Affiliations

Schwartz, Elissa J
  • School of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. ejs@wsu.edu.
Smith, Robert J
  • Department of Mathematics and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. rsmith43@uottawa.ca.

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Hull-Nye D, Meadows T, Smith SR, Schwartz EJ. Key Factors and Parameter Ranges for Immune Control of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Infection. Viruses 2023 Mar 6;15(3).
    doi: 10.3390/v15030691pubmed: 36992401google scholar: lookup
  2. Schwartz EJ, Costris-Vas C, Smith SR. Modelling Mutation in Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Infection Suggests a Path to Viral Clearance with Repeated Vaccination. Viruses 2021 Dec 6;13(12).
    doi: 10.3390/v13122450pubmed: 34960718google scholar: lookup
  3. Song Q, Stone S, Drebes D, Greiner LL, Dvorak CMT, Murtaugh MP. Characterization of anti-porcine epidemic diarrhea virus neutralizing activity in mammary secretions. Virus Res 2016 Dec 2;226:85-92.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.06.002pubmed: 27287711google scholar: lookup
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