Immune responses and protective efficacy in ponies immunised with an equine influenza ISCOM vaccine containing an ‘American lineage’ H3N8 virus.
Abstract: Protective responses generated by vaccination with an immuno-stimulating complex (ISCOM)-based vaccine for equine influenza (EQUIP F), containing a new 'American lineage' H3N8 virus, were studied. Seven ponies in the vaccine group received two intramuscular injections of EQUIP F given 6 weeks apart. Aerosol challenge with an A/eq/Newmarket/1/93 reference strain 4 weeks after booster vaccination resulted in clinical signs of infection and viral shedding in 7 influenza-naive control animals whereas the vaccinated ponies were significantly protected from both clinical signs and virus excretion. Influenza virus-specific IgG responses in serum following immunisation with the ISCOM vaccine were predominantly of the IgGa and IgGb sub-isotypes, a pattern similar to that generated by equine influenza virus infection. However, in contrast to the response following infection, virus-specific antibody responses in nasal washes following immunisation were characterised by the presence of IgG but not IgA.These results demonstrated that an ISCOM-based vaccine containing A/eq/Kentucky/98 provides strong protective immunity against challenge with an 'American lineage' H3N8 reference virus.
Publication Date: 2004-11-09 PubMed ID: 15530689DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.074Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The study assessed the protective response of a new vaccine, EQUIP F, which uses immuno-stimulating complex (ISCOM) against equine influenza featuring a new ‘American lineage’ H3N8 virus. The researchers found the vaccine significantly protected horses from clinical signs of infection and virus excretion following an aerosol challenge.
Research Methodology
- The research involved seven ponies in the vaccine group that were given two intramuscular injections of EQUIP F, spaced six weeks apart.
- Four weeks after the booster shot, the ponies were exposed to an aerosol challenge using an A/eq/Newmarket/1/93 reference strain.
- The researchers then monitored the specimens for clinical signs of infection and viral shedding.
- There was a control group of seven influenza-naive animals, which allowed the researchers to compare the effects of the vaccine on the ponies against the effects of the virus on unvaccinated animals.
Key Findings
- The vaccinated ponies were significantly protected from both clinical signs and virus excretion, indicating that the vaccine was effective in safeguarding the horses against the influenza strain.
- The response to the ISCOM vaccine was mainly shown in the IgGa and IgGb sub-isotypes, a pattern researchers noted was similar to that generated by equine influenza virus infection.
- Contrary to the response following infection, virus-specific antibody responses in the nasal washes from the vaccinated group showed the presence of IgG but not IgA antibodies.
Conclusion
- The researchers concluded that the ISCOM-based vaccine containing A/eq/Kentucky/98 offers robust protective immunity against the challenge with an ‘American lineage’ H3N8 reference virus.
- This study significantly adds to the body of knowledge about equine influenza vaccines, and holds promise for better management and control of equine influenza in horses.
Cite This Article
APA
Crouch CF, Daly J, Hannant D, Wilkins J, Francis MJ.
(2004).
Immune responses and protective efficacy in ponies immunised with an equine influenza ISCOM vaccine containing an ‘American lineage’ H3N8 virus.
Vaccine, 23(3), 418-425.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.074 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Schering-Plough Animal Health, Breakspear Road South, Harefield, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB9 6LS, UK. colin.crouch@spcorp.com
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / biosynthesis
- Female
- Hemolysis
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- ISCOMs / immunology
- Immunization, Secondary / veterinary
- Immunoglobulin A / metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G / blood
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype
- Influenza A virus / immunology
- Influenza Vaccines / immunology
- Male
- Nasal Mucosa / immunology
- Nasal Mucosa / virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
- Time Factors
- Vaccination / veterinary
Citations
This article has been cited 11 times.- Carnet F, Perrin-Cocon L, Paillot R, Lotteau V, Pronost S, Vidalain PO. An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future. Vet Res 2023 Mar 2;54(1):18.
- Whitlock F, Grewar J, Newton R. An epidemiological overview of the equine influenza epidemic in Great Britain during 2019. Equine Vet J 2023 Jan;55(1):153-164.
- Oladunni FS, Oseni SO, Martinez-Sobrido L, Chambers TM. Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines. Viruses 2021 Aug 20;13(8).
- Entenfellner J, Gahan J, Garvey M, Walsh C, Venner M, Cullinane A. Response of Sport Horses to Different Formulations of Equine Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Jul 10;8(3).
- Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
- Pavulraj S, Bera BC, Joshi A, Anand T, Virmani M, Vaid RK, Shanmugasundaram K, Gulati BR, Rajukumar K, Singh R, Misri J, Singh RK, Tripathi BN, Virmani N. Pathology of Equine Influenza virus (H3N8) in Murine Model. PLoS One 2015;10(11):e0143094.
- Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
- Weingartl HM, Berhane Y, Caswell JL, Loosmore S, Audonnet JC, Roth JA, Czub M. Recombinant nipah virus vaccines protect pigs against challenge. J Virol 2006 Aug;80(16):7929-38.
- de Wit E, Munster VJ, Spronken MI, Bestebroer TM, Baas C, Beyer WE, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Protection of mice against lethal infection with highly pathogenic H7N7 influenza A virus by using a recombinant low-pathogenicity vaccine strain. J Virol 2005 Oct;79(19):12401-7.
- Wang H, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Zhao L, Liu X, Ye Q, Tan WS. Comparative N‑glycoproteomics Characterization of N‑glycoproteins of H3N8 Viruses Produced in Chicken Embryos versus MDCK Cells. ACS Omega 2025 Dec 30;10(51):62727-62736.
- Elliott S, Olufemi OT, Daly JM. Systematic Review of Equine Influenza A Virus Vaccine Studies and Meta-Analysis of Vaccine Efficacy. Viruses 2023 Nov 28;15(12).
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