Analyze Diet
Stem cells international2016; 2016; 7342379; doi: 10.1155/2016/7342379

Induction of Tenogenic Differentiation Mediated by Extracellular Tendon Matrix and Short-Term Cyclic Stretching.

Abstract: Tendon and ligament pathologies are still a therapeutic challenge, due to the difficulty in restoring the complex extracellular matrix architecture and biomechanical strength. While progress is being made in cell-based therapies and tissue engineering approaches, comprehensive understanding of the fate of progenitor cells in tendon healing is still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of decellularized tendon matrix and moderate cyclic stretching as natural stimuli which could potentially direct tenogenic fate. Equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) were seeded on decellularized tendon matrix scaffolds. Mechanical stimulation was applied in a custom-made cyclic strain bioreactor. Assessment was performed 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h following mechanical stimulation. Scaffold culture induced cell alignment and changes in expression of tendon-related genes, although cell viability was decreased compared to monolayer culture. Short mechanical stimulation periods enhanced most of the scaffold-induced effects. Collagen 1A2 expression levels were decreased, while collagen 3A1 and decorin levels were increased. Tenascin-C and scleraxis expression showed an initial decrease but had increased 24 h after stimulation. The results obtained suggest that decellularized tendon matrix, supported by cyclic stretching, can induce tenogenic differentiation and the synthesis of tendon components important for matrix remodeling.
Publication Date: 2016-08-18 PubMed ID: 27630718PubMed Central: PMC5007347DOI: 10.1155/2016/7342379Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study focuses on understanding how the application of a natural stimulus like decellularized tendon matrix and moderate cyclic stretching could potentially aid in tendon healing. The researchers discovered that decellularized tendon matrix with support from cyclic stretching can result in tenogenic differentiation and synthesis of tendon components crucial for matrix remodeling.

Objective and Need of the Study

  • The main objective of this investigation is to understand the effect of natural stimuli including a decellularized tendon matrix and moderate cyclic stretching on tendon healing.
  • Rationale behind the research is the challenge prevailing in treating tendon and ligament pathologies due to the difficulty in restoring the complex extracellular matrix architecture and biomechanical strength required for tendon healing.
  • There is a significant lack of comprehensive understanding of how progenitor cells behave during tendon healing which this study attempts to analyze.

Methodology

  • The research used Equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) which were seeded on decellularized tendon matrix scaffolds.
  • Cyclic strain was applied using a custom-made bioreactor. This mechanical stimulation was applied for 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h duration to evaluate the impact of the stimulus on cells.

Observations and Conclusions

  • The scaffold culture process induced cell alignment as well as changes in the expression of tendon-associated genes. However, the cell viability noticed was decreased as compared to the traditional monolayer cell culture technique.
  • Short periods of mechanical stimulation enhanced most of the effects caused by the scaffold. For instance, expression levels of Collagen 1A2 were decreased while Collagen 3A1 and decorin levels witnessed an increase.
  • Expression of Tenascin-C and scleraxis showed an initial drop but exhibited an increase 24 h after stimulation.
  • The results imply that utilizing decellularized tendon matrix, augmented by cyclic stretching, can encourage tenogenic differentiation. This further leads to the synthesis of significant tendon components that contribute to matrix remodeling, highlighting a prospective approach to tendon healing.

Cite This Article

APA
Burk J, Plenge A, Brehm W, Heller S, Pfeiffer B, Kasper C. (2016). Induction of Tenogenic Differentiation Mediated by Extracellular Tendon Matrix and Short-Term Cyclic Stretching. Stem Cells Int, 2016, 7342379. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7342379

Publication

ISSN: 1687-966X
NlmUniqueID: 101535822
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 2016
Pages: 7342379

Researcher Affiliations

Burk, Janina
  • Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 7, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Plenge, Amelie
  • Large Animal Clinic for Surgery, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Brehm, Walter
  • Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Large Animal Clinic for Surgery, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Heller, Sandra
  • Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
Pfeiffer, Bastian
  • Large Animal Clinic for Surgery, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Kasper, Cornelia
  • Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.

References

This article includes 43 references
  1. Dowling B. A., Dart A. J., Hodgson D. R., Smith R. K. W.. Superficial digital flexor tendonitis in the horse.. Equine Veterinary Journal 2000;32(5):369–378.
    pubmed: 11037257
  2. Doroski D. M., Brink K. S., Temenoff J. S.. Techniques for biological characterization of tissue-engineered tendon and ligament.. Biomaterials 2007;28(2):187–202.
  3. Kader D., Saxena A., Movin T., Maffulli N.. Achilles tendinopathy: some aspects of basic science and clinical management.. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2002;36(4):239–249.
    doi: 10.1136/bjsm.36.4.239pmc: PMC1724537pubmed: 12145112google scholar: lookup
  4. Schnabel L. V., Lynch M. E., Van Der Meulen M. C. H., Yeager A. E., Kornatowski M. A., Nixon A. J.. Mesenchymal stem cells and insulin-like growth factor-I gene-enhanced mesenchymal stem cells improve structural aspects of healing in equine flexor digitorum superficialis tendons.. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2009;27(10):1392–1398.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.20887pubmed: 19350658google scholar: lookup
  5. Crovace A., Lacitignola L., Rossi G., Francioso E.. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of autologous cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow mononucleated cells in collagenase-induced tendinitis of equine superficial digital flexor tendon.. Veterinary Medicine International 2010;2010:10.
    doi: 10.4061/2010/250978pmc: PMC2859019pubmed: 20445779google scholar: lookup
  6. Smith R. K. W., Werling N. J., Dakin S. G., Alam R., Goodship A. E., Dudhia J.. Beneficial effects of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in naturally occurring tendinopathy.. PLoS ONE 2013;8(9).
  7. Guest D. J., Smith M. R. W., Allen W. R.. Monitoring the fate of autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal progenitor cells injected into the superficial digital flexor tendon of horses: preliminary study.. Equine Veterinary Journal 2008;40(2):178–181.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408x276942pubmed: 18267891google scholar: lookup
  8. Burk J., Gittel C., Heller S.. Gene expression of tendon markers in mesenchymal stromal cells derived from different sources.. BMC Research Notes 2014;7, article 826.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-826pmc: PMC4247609pubmed: 25412928google scholar: lookup
  9. Barsby T., Guest D.. Transforming growth factor beta3 promotes tendon differentiation of equine embryo-derived stem cells.. Tissue Engineering Part A 2013;19(19-20):2156–2165.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0372pubmed: 23611525google scholar: lookup
  10. Raabe O., Shell K., Fietz D.. Tenogenic differentiation of equine adipose-tissue-derived stem cells under the influence of tensile strain, growth differentiation factors and various oxygen tensions.. Cell and Tissue Research 2013;352(3):509–521.
    doi: 10.1007/s00441-013-1574-1pubmed: 23430474google scholar: lookup
  11. Brown J. P., Finley V. G., Kuo C. K.. Embryonic mechanical and soluble cues regulate tendon progenitor cell gene expression as a function of developmental stage and anatomical origin.. Journal of Biomechanics 2014;47(1):214–222.
  12. Alberton P., Popov C., Prägert M.. Conversion of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into tendon progenitor cells by ectopic expression of scleraxis.. Stem Cells and Development 2012;21(6):846–858.
    doi: 10.1089/scd.2011.0150pmc: PMC3315756pubmed: 21988170google scholar: lookup
  13. Chen X., Yin Z., Chen J.-L.. Scleraxis-overexpressed human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells for tendon tissue engineering with knitted silk-collagen scaffold.. Tissue Engineering Part A 2014;20(11-12):1583–1592.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0656pubmed: 24328506google scholar: lookup
  14. Kishore V., Bullock W., Sun X., Van Dyke W. S., Akkus O.. Tenogenic differentiation of human MSCs induced by the topography of electrochemically aligned collagen threads.. Biomaterials 2012;33(7):2137–2144.
  15. Yin Z., Chen X., Song H.-X.. Electrospun scaffolds for multiple tissues regeneration invivo through topography dependent induction of lineage specific differentiation.. Biomaterials 2015;44:173–185.
  16. Zhang J., Li B., Wang J. H.-C.. The role of engineered tendon matrix in the stemness of tendon stem cells in vitro and the promotion of tendon-like tissue formation in vivo .. Biomaterials 2011;32(29):6972–6981.
  17. Yang G., Rothrauff B. B., Lin H., Gottardi R., Alexander P. G., Tuan R. S.. Enhancement of tenogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells by tendon-derived extracellular matrix.. Biomaterials 2013;34(37):9295–9306.
  18. Durgam S. S., Stewart A. A., Pondenis H. C., Yates A. C., Evans R. B., Stewart M. C.. Responses of equine tendon- and bone marrow–derived cells to monolayer expansion with fibroblast growth factor-2 and sequential culture with pulverized tendon and insulin-like growth factor-I.. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2012;73(1):162–170.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.1.162pubmed: 22204303google scholar: lookup
  19. Little D., Guilak F., Ruch D. S.. Ligament-derived matrix stimulates a ligamentous phenotype in human adipose-derived stem cells.. Tissue Engineering—Part A 2010;16(7):2307–2319.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0720pmc: PMC2947935pubmed: 20406104google scholar: lookup
  20. Yin Z., Chen X., Zhu T.. The effect of decellularized matrices on human tendon stem/progenitor cell differentiation and tendon repair.. Acta Biomaterialia 2013;9(12):9317–9329.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.07.022pubmed: 23896565google scholar: lookup
  21. Altman G. H., Horan R. L., Martin I.. Cell differentiation by mechanical stress.. The FASEB Journal 2002;16(2):270–272.
    pubmed: 11772952
  22. Doroski D. M., Levenston M. E., Temenoff J. S.. Cyclic tensile culture promotes fibroblastic differentiation of marrow stromal cells encapsulated in poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels.. Tissue Engineering Part A 2010;16(11):3457–3466.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0233pmc: PMC2965196pubmed: 20666585google scholar: lookup
  23. Kreja L., Liedert A., Schlenker H.. Effects of mechanical strain on human mesenchymal stem cells and ligament fibroblasts in a textured poly(L-lactide) scaffold for ligament tissue engineering.. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 2012;23(10):2575–2582.
    doi: 10.1007/s10856-012-4710-7pubmed: 22729594google scholar: lookup
  24. Kuo C. K., Tuan R. S.. Mechanoactive tenogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells.. Tissue Engineering Part A 2008;14(10):1615–1627.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2006.0415pubmed: 18759661google scholar: lookup
  25. Scott A., Danielson P., Abraham T., Fong G., Sampaio A. V., Underhill T. M.. Mechanical force modulates scleraxis expression in bioartificial tendons.. Journal of Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interactions 2011;11(2):124–132.
    pubmed: 21625049
  26. Joshi S. D., Webb K.. Variation of cyclic strain parameters regulates development of elastic modulus in fibroblast/substrate constructs.. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2008;26(8):1105–1113.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.20626pubmed: 18327797google scholar: lookup
  27. Rui Y. F., Lui P. P. Y., Ni M., Chan L. S., Lee Y. W., Chan K. M.. Mechanical loading increased BMP-2 expression which promoted osteogenic differentiation of tendon-derived stem cells.. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2011;29(3):390–396.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.21218pubmed: 20882582google scholar: lookup
  28. Chen Y.-J., Huang C.-H., Lee I.-C., Lee Y.-T., Chen M.-H., Young T.-H.. Effects of cyclic mechanical stretching on the mRNA expression of tendon/ligament-related and osteoblast-specific genes in human mesenchymal stem cells.. Connective Tissue Research 2008;49(1):7–14.
    doi: 10.1080/03008200701818561pubmed: 18293173google scholar: lookup
  29. Burk J., Erbe I., Berner D.. Freeze-thaw cycles enhance decellularization of large tendons.. Tissue Engineering Part C 2014;20(4):276–284.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0760pmc: PMC3968887pubmed: 23879725google scholar: lookup
  30. Diederichs S., Böhm S., Peterbauer A., Kasper C., Scheper T., van Griensven M.. Application of different strain regimes in two-dimensional and three-dimensional adipose tissue–derived stem cell cultures induces osteogenesis: implications for bone tissue engineering.. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 2010;94(3):927–936.
    doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.32772pubmed: 20730929google scholar: lookup
  31. Burk J., Brehm W., Aldag A.. Development of a new in vitro tenogenic differentiation model.. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 2014;8(supplement 1):p. 475.
  32. Burk J., Ribitsch I., Gittel C.. Growth and differentiation characteristics of equine mesenchymal stromal cells derived from different sources.. Veterinary Journal 2013;195(1):98–106.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.004pubmed: 22841420google scholar: lookup
  33. Paebst F., Piehler D., Brehm W.. Comparative immunophenotyping of equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: an approach toward a standardized definition.. Cytometry Part A 2014;85(8):678–687.
    doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.22491pubmed: 24894974google scholar: lookup
  34. Pfaffl M. W.. A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR.. Nucleic Acids Research 2001;29, article e45.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/29.9.e45pmc: PMC55695pubmed: 11328886google scholar: lookup
  35. Bourin P., Bunnell B. A., Casteilla L.. Stromal cells from the adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction and culture expanded adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells: a joint statement of the International Federation for Adipose Therapeutics and Science (IFATS) and the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). Cytotherapy 2013;15(6):641–648.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.02.006pmc: PMC3979435pubmed: 23570660google scholar: lookup
  36. Smith R. K. W., Garvican E. R., Fortier L. A.. The current 'state of play' of regenerative medicine in horses: what the horse can tell the human.. Regenerative Medicine 2014;9(5):673–685.
    doi: 10.2217/rme.14.42pubmed: 25372081google scholar: lookup
  37. Xu B., Song G., Ju Y., Li X., Song Y., Watanabe S.. RhoA/ROCK, cytoskeletal dynamics, and focal adhesion kinase are required for mechanical stretch-induced tenogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells.. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2012;227(6):2722–2729.
    doi: 10.1002/jcp.23016pubmed: 21898412google scholar: lookup
  38. Dowling B. A., Dart A. J.. Mechanical and functional properties of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon.. Veterinary Journal 2005;170(2):184–192.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.03.021pubmed: 16129339google scholar: lookup
  39. Youngstrom D. W., Rajpar I., Kaplan D. L., Barrett J. G.. A bioreactor system for in vitro tendon differentiation and tendon tissue engineering.. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2015;33(6):911–918.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.22848pmc: PMC5098427pubmed: 25664422google scholar: lookup
  40. Gratzer P. F., Harrison R. D., Woods T.. Matrix alteration and not residual sodium dodecyl sulfate cytotoxicity affects the cellular repopulation of a decellularized matrix.. Tissue Engineering 2006;12(10):2975–2983.
    doi: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2975pubmed: 17518665google scholar: lookup
  41. Scott A., Cook J. L., Hart D. A., Walker D. C., Duronio V., Khan K. M.. Tenocyte responses to mechanical loading in vivo: a role for local insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in early tendinosis in rats.. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2007;56(3):871–881.
    doi: 10.1002/art.22426pubmed: 17328060google scholar: lookup
  42. Godwin E. E., Young N. J., Dudhia J., Beamish I. C., Smith R. K. W.. Implantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrates improved outcome in horses with overstrain injury of the superficial digital flexor tendon.. Equine Veterinary Journal 2012;44(1):25–32.
  43. Youngstrom D. W., LaDow J. E., Barrett J. G.. Tenogenesis of bone marrow-, adipose-, and tendon-derived stem cells in a dynamic bioreactor.. Connective Tissue Research 2016.
    doi: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1117458pubmed: 27028488google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 34 times.
  1. Yang CW, Zhang YQ, Chang H, Gao R, Chen D, Yao H. Aligned nanofiber scaffolds combined with cyclic stretch facilitate mesenchymal stem cell differentiation for ligament engineering. World J Stem Cells 2025 Aug 26;17(8):107124.
    doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v17.i8.107124pubmed: 40951703google scholar: lookup
  2. Gögele C, Pattappa G, Tempfer H, Docheva D, Schulze-Tanzil G. Tendon mechanobiology in the context of tendon biofabrication. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2025;13:1560025.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1560025pubmed: 40948974google scholar: lookup
  3. Zhang W, Rao Y, Wong SH, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Yang R, Tsui SK, Ker DFE, Mao C, Frith JE, Cao Q, Tuan RS, Wang DM. Transcriptome-Optimized Hydrogel Design of a Stem Cell Niche for Enhanced Tendon Regeneration. Adv Mater 2025 Jan;37(2):e2313722.
    doi: 10.1002/adma.202313722pubmed: 39417770google scholar: lookup
  4. Snow F, O'Connell C, Yang P, Kita M, Pirogova E, Williams RJ, Kapsa RMI, Quigley A. Engineering interfacial tissues: The myotendinous junction. APL Bioeng 2024 Jun;8(2):021505.
    doi: 10.1063/5.0189221pubmed: 38841690google scholar: lookup
  5. Melzer M, Niebert S, Heimann M, Ullm F, Pompe T, Scheiner-Bobis G, Burk J. Differential Smad2/3 linker phosphorylation is a crosstalk mechanism of Rho/ROCK and canonical TGF-β3 signaling in tenogenic differentiation. Sci Rep 2024 May 6;14(1):10393.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-60717-zpubmed: 38710741google scholar: lookup
  6. Dec P, Żyłka M, Burszewski P, Modrzejewski A, Pawlik A. Recent Advances in the Use of Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering and Adjunct Therapies for Tendon Reconstruction and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024 Apr 19;25(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms25084498pubmed: 38674084google scholar: lookup
  7. Shojaee A. Equine tendon mechanical behaviour: Prospects for repair and regeneration applications. Vet Med Sci 2023 Sep;9(5):2053-2069.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.1205pubmed: 37471573google scholar: lookup
  8. Yuan Z, Yu H, Long H, Dai Y, Shi L, Zhao J, Guo A, Diao N, Ma L, Yin H. Stem Cell Applications and Tenogenic Differentiation Strategies for Tendon Repair. Stem Cells Int 2023;2023:3656498.
    doi: 10.1155/2023/3656498pubmed: 36970597google scholar: lookup
  9. Sander IL, Dvorak N, Stebbins JA, Carr AJ, Mouthuy PA. Advanced Robotics to Address the Translational Gap in Tendon Engineering. Cyborg Bionic Syst 2022;2022:9842169.
    doi: 10.34133/2022/9842169pubmed: 36285305google scholar: lookup
  10. Melzer M, Schubert S, Müller SF, Geyer J, Hagen A, Niebert S, Burk J. Rho/ROCK Inhibition Promotes TGF-β3-Induced Tenogenic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2021;2021:8284690.
    doi: 10.1155/2021/8284690pubmed: 34659420google scholar: lookup
  11. Ryan CNM, Pugliese E, Shologu N, Gaspar D, Rooney P, Islam MN, O'Riordan A, Biggs MJ, Griffin MD, Zeugolis DI. A combined physicochemical approach towards human tenocyte phenotype maintenance. Mater Today Bio 2021 Sep;12:100130.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100130pubmed: 34632361google scholar: lookup
  12. Gögele C, Konrad J, Hahn J, Breier A, Schröpfer M, Meyer M, Merkel R, Hoffmann B, Schulze-Tanzil G. Maintenance of Ligament Homeostasis of Spheroid-Colonized Embroidered and Functionalized Scaffolds after 3D Stretch. Int J Mol Sci 2021 Jul 30;22(15).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms22158204pubmed: 34360970google scholar: lookup
  13. Meeremans M, Van de Walle GR, Van Vlierberghe S, De Schauwer C. The Lack of a Representative Tendinopathy Model Hampers Fundamental Mesenchymal Stem Cell Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021;9:651164.
    doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651164pubmed: 34012963google scholar: lookup
  14. Laurent A, Abdel-Sayed P, Grognuz A, Scaletta C, Hirt-Burri N, Michetti M, de Buys Roessingh AS, Raffoul W, Kronen P, Nuss K, von Rechenberg B, Applegate LA, Darwiche SE. Industrial Development of Standardized Fetal Progenitor Cell Therapy for Tendon Regenerative Medicine: Preliminary Safety in Xenogeneic Transplantation. Biomedicines 2021 Apr 3;9(4).
    doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9040380pubmed: 33916829google scholar: lookup
  15. Tao M, Ao T, Mao X, Yan X, Javed R, Hou W, Wang Y, Sun C, Lin S, Yu T, Ao Q. Sterilization and disinfection methods for decellularized matrix materials: Review, consideration and proposal. Bioact Mater 2021 Sep;6(9):2927-2945.
  16. Schubert S, Brandt L, Burk J. A 3D Dynamic In Vitro Model of Inflammatory Tendon Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2021;2269:167-174.
    doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1225-5_12pubmed: 33687679google scholar: lookup
  17. Laurent A, Hirt-Burri N, Scaletta C, Michetti M, de Buys Roessingh AS, Raffoul W, Applegate LA. Holistic Approach of Swiss Fetal Progenitor Cell Banking: Optimizing Safe and Sustainable Substrates for Regenerative Medicine and Biotechnology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020;8:557758.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.557758pubmed: 33195124google scholar: lookup
  18. Sheng R, Jiang Y, Backman LJ, Zhang W, Chen J. The Application of Mechanical Stimulations in Tendon Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Int 2020;2020:8824783.
    doi: 10.1155/2020/8824783pubmed: 33029149google scholar: lookup
  19. Janvier AJ, Canty-Laird E, Henstock JR. A universal multi-platform 3D printed bioreactor chamber for tendon tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng 2020 Jan-Dec;11:2041731420942462.
    doi: 10.1177/2041731420942462pubmed: 32944210google scholar: lookup
  20. Citeroni MR, Ciardulli MC, Russo V, Della Porta G, Mauro A, El Khatib M, Di Mattia M, Galesso D, Barbera C, Forsyth NR, Maffulli N, Barboni B. In Vitro Innovation of Tendon Tissue Engineering Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020 Sep 14;21(18).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms21186726pubmed: 32937830google scholar: lookup
  21. Li M, Tang Y, Chen C, Zhou J, Zheng C, Chen H, Lu H, Qu J. Comparison of bone surface and trough fixation on bone-tendon healing in a rabbit patella-patellar tendon injury model. J Orthop Translat 2020 Mar;21:49-56.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2019.12.007pubmed: 32099804google scholar: lookup
  22. Kubo Y, Hoffmann B, Goltz K, Schnakenberg U, Jahr H, Merkel R, Schulze-Tanzil G, Pufe T, Tohidnezhad M. Different Frequency of Cyclic Tensile Strain Relates to Anabolic/Catabolic Conditions Consistent with Immunohistochemical Staining Intensity in Tenocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020 Feb 6;21(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms21031082pubmed: 32041254google scholar: lookup
  23. Lim WL, Liau LL, Ng MH, Chowdhury SR, Law JX. Current Progress in Tendon and Ligament Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019 Dec;16(6):549-571.
    doi: 10.1007/s13770-019-00196-wpubmed: 31824819google scholar: lookup
  24. Roth SP, Brehm W, Groß C, Scheibe P, Schubert S, Burk J. Transforming Growth Factor Beta 3-Loaded Decellularized Equine Tendon Matrix for Orthopedic Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2019 Nov 3;20(21).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms20215474pubmed: 31684150google scholar: lookup
  25. Aeberhard PA, Grognuz A, Peneveyre C, McCallin S, Hirt-Burri N, Antons J, Pioletti D, Raffoul W, Applegate LA. Efficient decellularization of equine tendon with preserved biomechanical properties and cytocompatibility for human tendon surgery indications. Artif Organs 2020 Apr;44(4):E161-E171.
    doi: 10.1111/aor.13581pubmed: 31609006google scholar: lookup
  26. Shojaee A, Parham A. Strategies of tenogenic differentiation of equine stem cells for tendon repair: current status and challenges. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019 Jun 18;10(1):181.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1291-0pubmed: 31215490google scholar: lookup
  27. Nam HY, Pingguan-Murphy B, Abbas AA, Merican AM, Kamarul T. Uniaxial Cyclic Tensile Stretching at 8% Strain Exclusively Promotes Tenogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019;2019:9723025.
    doi: 10.1155/2019/9723025pubmed: 30918524google scholar: lookup
  28. Kim SJ, Tatman PD, Song DH, Gee AO, Kim DH, Kim SJ. Nanotopographic cues and stiffness control of tendon-derived stem cells from diverse conditions. Int J Nanomedicine 2018;13:7217-7227.
    doi: 10.2147/IJN.S181743pubmed: 30510414google scholar: lookup
  29. Roth SP, Schubert S, Scheibe P, Groß C, Brehm W, Burk J. Growth Factor-Mediated Tenogenic Induction of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Is Altered by the Microenvironment of Tendon Matrix. Cell Transplant 2018 Oct;27(10):1434-1450.
    doi: 10.1177/0963689718792203pubmed: 30251565google scholar: lookup
  30. Brandt L, Schubert S, Scheibe P, Brehm W, Franzen J, Gross C, Burk J. Tenogenic Properties of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells Are Compromised in an Inflammatory Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2018 Aug 28;19(9).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms19092549pubmed: 30154348google scholar: lookup
  31. Smith LJ, Li P, Holland MR, Ekser B. FABRICA: A Bioreactor Platform for Printing, Perfusing, Observing, & Stimulating 3D Tissues. Sci Rep 2018 May 15;8(1):7561.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25663-7pubmed: 29765087google scholar: lookup
  32. Selden C, Fuller B. Role of Bioreactor Technology in Tissue Engineering for Clinical Use and Therapeutic Target Design. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018 Apr 24;5(2).
    doi: 10.3390/bioengineering5020032pubmed: 29695077google scholar: lookup
  33. Liu Y, Suen CW, Zhang JF, Li G. Current concepts on tenogenic differentiation and clinical applications. J Orthop Translat 2017 Apr;9:28-42.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2017.02.005pubmed: 29662797google scholar: lookup
  34. Ma R, Brimmo OA, Li X, Colbert L. Current Concepts in Rehabilitation for Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2017 Dec;10(4):499-506.
    doi: 10.1007/s12178-017-9449-9pubmed: 29038953google scholar: lookup