Influence of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on markers of inflammation and cartilage metabolism in young exercising horses challenged with intra-articular lipopolysaccharide.
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate dietary fermentation product (SCFP) on joint inflammation and cartilage metabolism in exercising yearlings challenged with intra-articular lipopolysaccharide (LPS), hypothesizing dietary SCFP (TruEquineC, Diamond V Mills, Inc.) would ameliorate joint inflammation and increase cartilage metabolism. Thirty Quarter Horse yearlings were stratified by bodyweight (BW), age, sex, and randomly assigned to dietary treatments (n = 10/treatment): control (0), 46, or 92 mg/kg BW/d SCFP. Treatments were top-dressed to 1% BW/d concentrate void of added microbials. Horses were stalled (3.6 m × 7.3 m), offered ad libitum Coastal bermudagrass hay, and exercised 30 min/d, 5 d/wk. On days 0, 21, 42, and 56, wither height, hip height, heart girth, body length, body condition scores (BCS), and BW were recorded. On day 46, one radial carpal joint received 0.8 mL of a 0.5 ng LPS solution or sterile lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) in the contralateral joint. Synovial fluid was collected pre- (0) and 6, 12, 24, and 336 hours post-injection and analyzed for prostaglandin E (PGE), carboxypropeptide of type II collagen (CPII), and collagenase cleavage neopeptide (C2C) via commercial ELISA, and chemokines (CCL2, and CCL11) and cytokines (TNF and IL-10) via multiplex platform. Rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and carpal circumference (CC) were recorded prior to arthrocentesis. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. By day 56, growth parameters increased ( < 0.01), BCS did not change ( = 0.39), and BW had a treatment × d interaction ( = 0.02) where control tended to be heavier than 92 mg/kg BW on day 56 ( = 0.07). Clinical parameters (RT, HR, RR, CC) were uninfluenced by diet ( ≥ 0.29) but varied over time ( ≤ 0.03). Treatments did not influence cartilage metabolism (CPII, C2C, and CPII:C2C) ( ≥ 0.46) or logPGE, logCCL2, CCL11, or logIL-10 ( ≥ 0.23). There was a treatment × h interaction for CCL11 ( = 0.04) where control was greater than SCFP groups at h 6. LogIL-10 had a treatment × h interaction where 46 mg/kg BW was lower than control and 92 mg/kg BW at h 12 ( = 0.05). There was a main effect of treatment for TNF ( = 0.04) where 92 mg/kg BW was lower than 46 mg/kg BW and tended to be lower than control. Results indicate that SCFP didn't influence cartilage metabolism or PGE, though SCFP may ameliorate inflammatory cytokines and chemokines following an acute, intra-articular insult.
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.
Publication Date: 2025-04-28 PubMed ID: 40336821PubMed Central: PMC12057563DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaf042Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This study examined the effects of a dietary yeast fermentation product on joint inflammation and cartilage metabolism in young, exercising horses, suggesting that the product could possibly reduce joint inflammation and improve cartilage health.
Overview of the Study
- With the main objective to study the effect of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) on joint inflammation and cartilage metabolism, this study was carried out on thirty Quarter Horse yearlings.
- The horses were bifurcated into three groups based on their body weight, and each group was assigned a different treatment level of SCFP (0, 46, or 92 mg/kg BW/d SCFP).
- All horses were kept in stalls, fed Coastal bermudagrass hay, and exercised for 30 minutes per day, five days a week.
- Various observations such as the horses’ height, body condition, heart girth, body length, and body weight were recorded on specified days throughout the study duration.
Further Procedures and Results
- On day 46 of the experiment, a designated joint (radial carpal) of each horse was injected with either a Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) solution or sterile lactated Ringer’s solution (LRS) for comparison. Subsequently, synovial fluid samples were analysed for signs of inflammation and cartilage health.
- By day 56, all initial growth parameters increased, but body condition scores remained unchanged. However, the body weight of horses in the control group was found to be higher than that of horses in the 92 mg/kg BW/d SCFP group.
- There were no substantial changes noted in clinical parameters like heart rate, respiration rate, or carpal circumference due to diet variances. However, there were fluctuations in these observations over time.
- Statistical analysis also revealed that the treatment did not impact cartilage metabolism, or the level of Prostaglandin E (PGE), a potent inflammatory mediator. However, there was a notable impact of treatment on certain inflammatory cytokines and chemokines after the LPS injection.
- The group that received 92 mg/kg BW/d SCFP had lower levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), an inflammatory cytokine, when compared to the other two groups.
Conclusion of the Study
- The research concludes that although the SCFP did not influence cartilage metabolism or PGE, it may have an anti-inflammatory effect on the cytokines and chemokines after an acute, intra-articular insult.
- This suggests a potential therapeutic use of SCFP for counteracting acute joint inflammation in horses due to external insults.
Cite This Article
APA
Moore GE, Leatherwood JL, Glass KG, Arnold CE, Paris BL, Carter MM, George JM, Fontenot AB, Martinez RE, Franklin MA, Norton SA, Bradbery AN, Wickersham TA.
(2025).
Influence of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on markers of inflammation and cartilage metabolism in young exercising horses challenged with intra-articular lipopolysaccharide.
Transl Anim Sci, 9, txaf042.
https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaf042 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402, USA.
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
- Cargill, Inc., Wayzata, MN 55391, USA.
- Cargill, Inc., Wayzata, MN 55391, USA.
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors acknowledge that they were free from influence by any funding sources or their employees that would result in any conflict of interest.
References
This article includes 53 references
- Baccarin RYA, Seidel SRT, Michelacci YM, Tokawa PKA, Oliveira TM. Osteoarthritis: a common disease that should be avoided in the athletic horse’s life. Anim. Front. 12:25–36.
- Bakker MF, Verstappen SM, Welsing PM, Jacobs JW, Jahangier ZN, Van Der Veen MJ, Bijlsma JW, Lafeber FP. The relation between cartilage biomarkers (C2C, C1,2C, CS846, and CPII) and the long-term outcome of rheumatoid arthritis patients within the CAMERA trial. Arthritis Res. Ther. 13:R70.
- Barsig J, Küsters S, Vogt K, Volk HD, Tiegs G, Wendel A. Lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-10 in mice: role of endogenous tumor necrosis factor-α. Eur. J. Immunol. 25:2888–2893.
- Bertone AL, Palmer JL, Jones J. Synovial fluid cytokines and eicosanoids as markers of joint disease in horses. Vet. Surg. 30:528–538.
- Billinghurst RC, Brama PAJ, Van Weeren PR, Knowlton MS, McIlwraith CW. Significant exercise-related changes in the serum levels of two biomarkers of collagen metabolism in young horses. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 11:760–769.
- Brouwers H, Von Hegedus JH, Linden EVD, Mahdad R, Kloppenburg M, Toes R, Giera M, Ioan-Facsinay A. Hyaluronidase treatment of synovial fluid is required for accurate detection of inflammatory cells and soluble mediators. Arthritis Res. Ther. 24:18.
- Cornick S, Tawiah A, Chadee K. Roles and regulation of the mucus barrier in the gut. Tissue Barriers 3:e982426.
- De Grauw JC, Van De Lest CH, Van Weeren PR. Inflammatory mediators and cartilage biomarkers in synovial fluid after a single inflammatory insult: a longitudinal experimental study. Arthritis Res. Ther. 11:R35.
- De Grauw JC, Van De Lest CHA, Van Weeren R, Brommer H, Brama PJ. Arthrogenic lameness of the fetlock: synovial fluid markers of inflammation and cartilage turnover in relation to clinical joint pain. Equine Vet. J. 38:305–311.
- Evans M, Reeves S, Robinson LE. A dried yeast fermentate prevents and reduces inflammation in two separate experimental immune models. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2012:973041.
- Fielder SE. Normal rectal temperature ranges—special subjects. Merck Vet. Man. .
- Frisbie DD, Al-Sobayil F, Billinghurst RC, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW. Changes in synovial fluid and serum biomarkers with exercise and early osteoarthritis in horses. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 16:1196–1204.
- Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW, De Grauw JC. Synovial fluid and serum biomarkers. Joint disease in the horse p. 179–191.
- Ganda E, Chakrabarti A, Sardi MI, Tench M, Kozlowicz BK, Norton SA, Warren LK, Khafipour E. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product improves robustness of equine gut microbiome upon stress. Front. Vet. Sci. 10:1134092.
- Gerena LA, Mabrouk A, DeCastro A. Knee effusion. StatPearls .
- Gibson KT, Hodge H, Whittem T. Inflammatory mediators in equine synovial fluid. Aust. Vet. J. 73:148–151.
- Hand TW, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Ridaura VK, Belkaid Y. Linking the microbiota, chronic disease and the immune system. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 27:831–843.
- Hankittichai P, Buacheen P, Pitchakarn P, Na Takuathung M, Wikan N, Smith DR, Potikanond S, Nimlamool W. Artocarpus lakoocha extract inhibits lps-induced inflammatory response in raw 264.7 macrophage cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21:1355.
- Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF. Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares. Equine Vet. J. 15:371–372.
- Hog P, Kuntschar S, Rappl P, Huard A, Weigert A, Brüne B, Schmid T. Prostaglandin e2 boosts the hyaluronan-mediated increase in inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide by enhancing lyve1 expression. Biology 12:1441.
- Hsu YH, Hsieh MS, Liang YC, Li CY, Sheu MT, Chou DT, Chen TF, Chen CH. Production of the chemokine eotaxin-1 in osteoarthritis and its role in cartilage degradation. J. Cell. Biochem. 93:929–939.
- Huang XZ, Zhu LB, Li ZR, Lin J. Bacterial colonization and intestinal mucosal barrier development. World J. Clin. Pediatr. 2:46–53.
- Iyer SS, Cheng G. Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 32:23–63.
- Kahn MK, Coverdale JA, Leatherwood JL, Arnold CE, Dabareiner RA, Bradbery AN, Millican AA, T. H.Welsh Jr. Age-related effects on markers of inflammation and cartilage metabolism in response to an intra-articular lipopolysaccharide challenge in horses. J. Anim. Sci. 95:671–680.
- Lin CY, Wang WH, Chen SH, Chang YW, Hung LC, Chen CY, Chen YH. Lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin e2, and cytokine production of mouse and human macrophages are suppressed by pheophytin-b. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18:2637.
- Lucia JL, Coverdale JA, Arnold CE, Winsco KN. Influence of an intra-articular lipopolysaccharide challenge on markers of inflammation and cartilage metabolism in young horses1. J. Anim. Sci. 91:2693–2699.
- MacNicol JL, Lindinger MI, Pearson W. A time-course evaluation of inflammatory and oxidative markers following high-intensity exercise in horses: a pilot study. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) 124:860–865.
- Mahapatro M, Erkert L, Becker C. Cytokine-mediated crosstalk between immune cells and epithelial cells in the gut. Cells 10:111.
- Martinez RE, Leatherwood JL, Arnold CE, Glass KG, Walter KW, Valigura HC, Norton SA, White-Springer SH. Responses to an intra-articular lipopolysaccharide challenge following dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product in young horses. J. Anim. Sci. 99:skab272.
- McCoy JM, Wicks JR, Audoly LP. The role of prostaglandin E2 receptors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 110:651–658.
- Meehan RT, Regan EA, Hoffman ED, Wolf ML, Gill MT, Crooks JL, Parmar PJ, Scheuring RA, Hill JC, Pacheco KA. Synovial fluid cytokines, chemokines and mmp levels in osteoarthritis patients with knee pain display a profile similar to many rheumatoid arthritis patients. J. Clin. Med. 10:5027.
- Menarim BC, Gillis KH, Oliver A, Ngo Y, Werre SR, Barrett SH, Rodgerson DH, Dahlgren LA. Macrophage activation in the synovium of healthy and osteoarthritic equine joints. Front. Vet. Sci. 7:568756.
- Molnar V, Matišić V, Kodvanj I, Bjelica R, Jeleč Z, Hudetz D, Rod E, Čukelj F, Vrdoljak T, Vidović D. Cytokines and chemokines involved in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22:9208.
- Mosser DM, Zhang X. Interleukin-10: new perspectives on an old cytokine. Immunol. Rev. 226:205–218.
- Nelson F, Dahlberg L, Laverty S, Reiner A, Pidoux I, Ionescu M, Fraser GL, Brooks E, Tanzer M, Rosenberg LC. Evidence for altered synthesis of type II collagen in patients with osteoarthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 102:2115–2125.
- NRC. Nutrient requirements of horses. 6th rev. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
- O’Callaghan A, van Sinderen. Bifidobacteria and their role as members of the human gut microbiota. Front. Microbiol. 7:925.
- Ony EE. Meeting energy requirements of yearling and two-year-old horses. Ky. Equine Res. .
- Pahwa R, Goyal A, Jialal I. Chronic inflammation. StatPearls .
- Schott EM, Farnsworth CW, Grier A, Lillis JA, Soniwala S, Dadourian GH, Bell RD, Doolittle ML, Villani DA, Awad H. Targeting the gut microbiome to treat the osteoarthritis of obesity. JCI Insight 3:e95997.
- Shinmei M, Ito K, Matsuyama S, Yoshihara Y, Matsuzawa K. Joint fluid carboxy-terminal type II procollagen peptide as a marker of cartilage collagen biosynthesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1:121–128.
- Sokolove J, Lepus CM. Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: latest findings and interpretations. Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis. 5:77–94.
- Te Moller NCR, Van Weeren PR. How exercise influences equine joint homeostasis. Vet. J. 222:60–67.
- Thompson KN. Skeletal growth rates of weanling and yearling thoroughbred horses. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2513–2517.
- Trotter GW, McIlwraith CW. Advances in equine arthroscopy. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 12:261–281.
- Trumble TN, Scarbrough AB, Brown MP. Osteochondral injury increases type II collagen degradation products (C2C) in synovial fluid of Thoroughbred racehorses. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 17:371–374.
- Valigura HC, Leatherwood JL, Martinez RE, Norton SA, White-Springer SH. Dietary supplementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product attenuates exercise-induced stress markers in young horses. J. Anim. Sci. 99:skab199.
- Van Den Boom R, Van De Lest CHA, Bull S, Brama PJ, Van Weeren PR, Barneveld A. Influence of repeated arthrocentesis and exercise on synovial fluid concentrations of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and glycosaminoglycans in healthy equine joints. Equine Vet. J. 37:250–256.
- Van Der Kraan PM. The interaction between joint inflammation and cartilage repair. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 16:327–334.
- Wagner B. Monoclonal antibody development advances immunological research in horses. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 272:110771.
- Wagner B, Freer H. Development of a bead-based multiplex assay for simultaneous quantification of cytokines in horses. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 127:242–248.
- Watkins A, Fasanello D, Stefanovski D, Schurer S, Caracappa K, D’Agostino A, Costello E, Freer H, Rollins A, Read C. Investigation of synovial fluid lubricants and inflammatory cytokines in the horse: a comparison of recombinant equine interleukin 1 beta-induced synovitis and joint lavage models. BMC Vet. Res. 17:189.
- Wiertsema SP, Van Bergenhenegouwen J, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ. The interplay between the gut microbiome and the immune system in the context of infectious diseases throughout life and the role of nutrition in optimizing treatment strategies. Nutrients 13:886.
Citations
This article has been cited 0 times.Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
