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The Journal of general virology2011; 92(Pt 10); 2437-2445; doi: 10.1099/vir.0.033670-0

Inoculation of young horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 virions leads to early infection of PBMCs prior to pseudo-sarcoid formation.

Abstract: Bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (BPV-1 and BPV-2) are known to induce common equine skin tumours, termed sarcoids. Recently, it was demonstrated that vaccination with BPV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) is safe and highly immunogenic in horses. To establish a BPV-1 challenge model for evaluation of the protective potential of BPV-1 VLPs, four foals were injected intradermally with infectious BPV-1 virions and with viral genome-based and control inocula, and monitored daily for tumour development. Blood was taken before inoculation and at weekly intervals. BPV-1-specific serum antibodies were detected by a pseudo-virion neutralization assay. Total nucleic acids extracted from tumours, intact skin and PBMCs were tested for the presence of BPV-1 DNA and mRNA using PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. Intralesional E5 oncoprotein expression was determined by immunofluorescence. Pseudo-sarcoids developed exclusively at sites inoculated with virions. Tumours became palpable 11-32 days after virion challenge, reached a size of ≤20 mm in diameter and then resolved in ≤6 months. No neutralizing anti-BPV-1 serum antibodies were detectable pre- or post-challenge. BPV-1 DNA was present in lesions but not in intact skin. In PBMCs, viral DNA was already detectable before lesions were first palpable, in concentrations correlating directly with tumour growth kinetics. PBMCs from two of two foals also harboured E5 mRNA. Immunofluorescence revealed the presence of the E5 protein in tumour fibroblasts, but not in the apparently normal epidermis overlying the lesions. Together with previous findings obtained in horses and cows, these data suggest that papillomavirus infection may include a viraemic phase.
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Publication Date: 2011-06-29 PubMed ID: 21715602PubMed Central: PMC5034893DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.033670-0Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates how inoculating young horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) leads to initial infection of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) before the formation of tumor-like growths called pseudo-sarcoids. The study was conducted in order to establish a challenge model for evaluating the effectiveness of a potential BPV-1 vaccine.

Research Methodology

  • Four young horses were intradermally injected with infectious BPV-1 particles, along with viral genome-based and control inocula.
  • The horses were monitored daily for tumor development. Blood samples were taken before inoculation and on a weekly basis afterward.
  • The presence of BPV-1 antibodies was identified through a pseudo-virion neutralization assay.
  • To determine the presence of BPV-1 DNA and mRNA, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) were utilized respectively on nucleic acids extracted from tumors, intact skin, and PBMCs.
  • The level of E5 oncoprotein expression, a key indicator of BPV-1 infection, within the potential tumors was identified using immunofluorescence.

Major Findings

  • Pseudo-sarcoids, or tumor-like growths, appeared only at sites where the BPV-1 viral particles were inoculated. The growths were palpable within 11-32 days post-inoculation, reaching up to 20mm in diameter before resolving within 6 months.
  • No neutralizing BPV-1 antibodies were detectable either pre or post-inoculation, suggesting that immunogenic response to the virus might not occur.
  • While BPV-1 DNA was found within the tumors, it was not detected in intact skin. Interestingly, viral DNA was detectable in PBMCs before the tumors became palpable, indicating that initial infection occurs in these cells.
  • The presence of E5 oncoprotein was found in the fibroblasts of the tumors but not in the normal skin layers covering the tumors. This validates that the E5 oncoprotein is expressed in response to BPV-1 infection.
  • The studies suggest a possibility of a viremia phase (presence of viruses in the bloodstream) as part of the papillomavirus infection.

Conclusion

This research shed light on the infection pathway of BPV-1 and its relation with the development of skin tumors in horses. The results could pave the way for further studies on the BPV-1 vaccination efficacy to protect horses from pseudo-sarcoid formation.

Cite This Article

APA
Hartl B, Hainisch EK, Shafti-Keramat S, Kirnbauer R, Corteggio A, Borzacchiello G, Tober R, Kainzbauer C, Pratscher B, Brandt S. (2011). Inoculation of young horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 virions leads to early infection of PBMCs prior to pseudo-sarcoid formation. J Gen Virol, 92(Pt 10), 2437-2445. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.033670-0

Publication

The Journal of general virology
ISSN: 1465-2099
NlmUniqueID: 0077340
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 92
Issue: Pt 10
Pages: 2437-2445

Researcher Affiliations

Hartl, Bettina
  • Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
  • Division of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Hainisch, Edmund K
  • Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Shafti-Keramat, Saeed
  • Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Kirnbauer, Reinhard
  • Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Corteggio, Annunziata
  • Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
Borzacchiello, Giuseppe
  • Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
Tober, Reinhard
  • Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Kainzbauer, Christina
  • Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
  • Division of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Pratscher, Barbara
  • Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
  • Division of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Brandt, Sabine
  • Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
  • Division of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Bovine papillomavirus 1 / pathogenicity
  • DNA, Viral / genetics
  • DNA, Viral / isolation & purification
  • Disease Models, Animal
  • Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct
  • Horses
  • Leukocytes, Mononuclear / virology
  • Neutralization Tests
  • Oncogene Proteins, Viral / biosynthesis
  • Oncogene Proteins, Viral / genetics
  • RNA, Messenger / genetics
  • RNA, Messenger / isolation & purification
  • Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Sarcoidosis / pathology
  • Sarcoidosis / virology
  • Skin / pathology
  • Skin / virology

Grant Funding

  • P 18990 / Austrian Science Fund FWF

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