Instant centres of rotation of equine limb joints and their relationship to standard skin marker locations.
Abstract: The instant centres of rotation (ICRs) of each limb joint, other than the coxofemoral joint and those of the digits, were calculated for eight clinically sound horses from tracings of radiographs according to the method of Reuleaux (1963). The majority of ICR positions coincided with the attachment sites of the collateral ligaments. The ICR of the scapulohumeral joint, which does not have collateral ligaments, was caudodistal to the caudal part of the greater tubercle of the humerus. The ICR for the femorotibial joint was located just caudal to the femoral attachment of the collateral ligament. The location of the ICRs calculated for the two joint carpal joint complex was displaced caudad during extreme flexion of the carpus and differed from those calculated separately for either the antebrachiocarpal joint or the intercarpal joint. Interpretation of these ICR positions was confounded by complex spatial motion changes which occur between the carpal bones. The sites used for skin marker positions in equine locomotion and conformation research generally agree with the ICR positions, particularly for the humeroradial, tarsocrural, and metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints. Traditional marker sites used for the scapulohumeral and femorotibial joints would result in overstimation and underestimation respectively of the caudal joint angles. Inaccuracy of marker placement, together with movement of skin markers and non-planar motion during joint angulation, limit accurate biokinematic measurement of limb joint angles during locomotion and conformation analysis.
Publication Date: 1988-09-01 PubMed ID: 9079072DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb04657.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The research study focuses on calculating the instant centers of rotation (ICRs) of limb joints in healthy horses and analyzing their relationship with standard skin marker locations used for locomotion and conformation research.
Instant Centres of Rotation of Equine Limb Joints
- The instant centers of rotation (ICRs) of each limb joint, besides the coxofemoral joint and those of the digits, were calculated for eight clinically sound horses.
- The methodology followed was based on the tracing of radiographs as per Reuleaux’s method (1963).
- Most ICR positions coincided with the attachment sites of the collateral ligaments, a set of ligaments found on either side of a joint.
Peculiarities in ICR Location for Specific Joints
- The ICR for the scapulohumeral joint, a joint without collateral ligaments, was found to be caudodistal (backwards and downwards) to the caudal part of the greater tubercle of the humerus.
- The femorotibial joint’s ICR was found just caudal (backwards) to the point where this joint’s collateral ligament attaches to the femur.
- For the complex two joint carpal joint, the ICR located was displaced backwards during extreme flexion (bending) of the carpus (wrist)
- The interpretation of these ICR positions was made challenging due to complex spatial motion changes which occur between the carpal bones.
Relationship with Standard Skin Marker Locations
- Standard skin marker positions used in equine locomotion and conformation (structure and form of the horse) research generally concur with the calculated ICR positions, particularly for the humeroradial, tarsocrural, and metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints.
- However, the traditional marker sites used for the scapulohumeral and femorotibial joints were found to lead to overestimation and underestimation respectively of the caudal joint angles.
Limits in Accuracy of Biokinematic Measurement
- The research paper also points towards the limitations posed by the inaccuracy of marker placement, movement of skin markers, and non-planar motion during joint angulation in obtaining accurate biokinematic measurements of limb joint angles during locomotion and conformation analysis.
Cite This Article
APA
Leach DH, Dyson S.
(1988).
Instant centres of rotation of equine limb joints and their relationship to standard skin marker locations.
Equine Vet J Suppl(6), 113-119.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb04657.x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Arthrography / veterinary
- Collateral Ligaments / anatomy & histology
- Extremities / diagnostic imaging
- Extremities / physiology
- Female
- Horses / physiology
- Joints / physiology
- Male
- Rotation
- Skin / anatomy & histology
Citations
This article has been cited 4 times.- Busse NI, Gonzalez ML, Krason ML, Johnson SE. β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyrate supplementation to adult Thoroughbred geldings increases type IIA fiber content in the gluteus medius. J Anim Sci 2021 Oct 1;99(10).
- Poncery B, Arroyave-Tobón S, Picault E, Linares JM. Effects of realistic sheep elbow kinematics in inverse dynamic simulation. PLoS One 2019;14(3):e0213100.
- Thorup VM, Tøgersen FA, Jørgensen B, Jensen BR. Joint axes of rotation and body segment parameters of pig limbs. Acta Vet Scand 2007 Sep 6;49(1):20.
- Brown NA, Pandy MG, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW. Force- and moment-generating capacities of muscles in the distal forelimb of the horse. J Anat 2003 Jul;203(1):101-13.
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