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Viruses2021; 13(9); doi: 10.3390/v13091811

Integrating Spatiotemporal Epidemiology, Eco-Phylogenetics, and Distributional Ecology to Assess West Nile Disease Risk in Horses.

Abstract: Mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) is the causative agent of West Nile disease in humans, horses, and some bird species. Since the initial introduction of WNV to the United States (US), approximately 30,000 horses have been impacted by West Nile neurologic disease and hundreds of additional horses are infected each year. Research describing the drivers of West Nile disease in horses is greatly needed to better anticipate the spatial and temporal extent of disease risk, improve disease surveillance, and alleviate future economic impacts to the equine industry and private horse owners. To help meet this need, we integrated techniques from spatiotemporal epidemiology, eco-phylogenetics, and distributional ecology to assess West Nile disease risk in horses throughout the contiguous US. Our integrated approach considered horse abundance and virus exposure, vector and host distributions, and a variety of extrinsic climatic, socio-economic, and environmental risk factors. Birds are WNV reservoir hosts, and therefore we quantified avian host community dynamics across the continental US to show intra-annual variability in host phylogenetic structure and demonstrate host phylodiversity as a mechanism for virus amplification in time and virus dilution in space. We identified drought as a potential amplifier of virus transmission and demonstrated the importance of accounting for spatial non-stationarity when quantifying interaction between disease risk and meteorological influences such as temperature and precipitation. Our results delineated the timing and location of several areas at high risk of West Nile disease and can be used to prioritize vaccination programs and optimize virus surveillance and monitoring.
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Publication Date: 2021-09-12 PubMed ID: 34578392PubMed Central: PMC8473291DOI: 10.3390/v13091811Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research examined the risks of West Nile disease in horses in the United States. Factors studied included horse abundance and virus exposure, mosquito and host bird distributions, as well as climatic, socio-economic, and environmental factors. The study uncovered key insights into variations in avian host community dynamics and weather conditions, such as drought, which can amplify the transmission of the virus.

Research Framework

  • The study used an integrated approach, combining techniques from spatiotemporal epidemiology, eco-phylogenetics, and distributional ecology.
  • This allowed the researchers to take a holistic view of the disease, considering many different factors rather than focusing on any single one.
  • This approach is significant because disease cycles and spread are influenced by a multitude of interconnected factors, and the study of any one aspect in isolation can yield incomplete or even misleading results.

Research Findings

  • The researchers identified that bird populations, which act as a reservoir for the West Nile virus (WNV), play a key role in the disease’s spread.
  • They found that variability in bird host community dynamics can lead to changes in disease risk. Specifically, high host phylodiversity can amplify the virus over time and help to disperse it geographically.
  • The researchers also discovered that drought conditions can increase the likelihood of virus transmission, presumably due to changes in mosquito habitats or behaviors.
  • Additionally, other meteorological influences like temperature and precipitation were shown to interact with the disease risk, emphasizing the importance of considering spatial non-stationarity in disease studies.

Implications of the Study

  • Understanding the spatial and temporal risk of West Nile disease is crucial for effective disease surveillance and management, especially given the significant economic impacts to the equine industry and private horse owners.
  • The results of the study provide guidance on where and when to implement vaccination programs and virus surveillance and monitoring efforts.
  • With the knowledge of areas at high risk for West Nile disease, the authorities can prioritize their resources accordingly.
  • The insights of this study can also add value to the broader understanding of mosquito-borne diseases and their management.

Cite This Article

APA
Humphreys JM, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Cohnstaedt LW, McGregor BL, Hanley KA, Hudson AR, Young KI, Peck D, Rodriguez LL, Peters DPC. (2021). Integrating Spatiotemporal Epidemiology, Eco-Phylogenetics, and Distributional Ecology to Assess West Nile Disease Risk in Horses. Viruses, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091811

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 9

Researcher Affiliations

Humphreys, John M
  • Pest Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Sidney, MT 59270, USA.
Pelzel-McCluskey, Angela M
  • Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
Cohnstaedt, Lee W
  • Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
McGregor, Bethany L
  • Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
Hanley, Kathryn A
  • Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
Hudson, Amy R
  • Big Data Initiative and SCINet Program for Scientific Computing, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20704, USA.
Young, Katherine I
  • Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
Peck, Dannele
  • Northern Plains Climate Hub, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
Rodriguez, Luis L
  • Plum Island Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA.
Peters, Debra P C
  • Big Data Initiative and SCINet Program for Scientific Computing, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20704, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Birds / virology
  • Culicidae / virology
  • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
  • Disease Reservoirs / veterinary
  • Disease Reservoirs / virology
  • Ecology
  • Horses / virology
  • Mosquito Vectors / virology
  • Phylogeny
  • Seasons
  • Spatio-Temporal Analysis
  • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / transmission
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • West Nile virus / classification
  • West Nile virus / genetics

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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