Isolation and characterisation of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) from Europe and North America from 2008 to 2009.
Abstract: Like other influenza A viruses, equine influenza virus undergoes antigenic drift. It is therefore essential that surveillance is carried out to ensure that recommended strains for inclusion in vaccines are kept up to date. Here we report antigenic and genetic characterisation carried out on equine influenza virus strains isolated in North America and Europe over a 2-year period from 2008 to 2009. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from equines showing acute clinical signs and submitted to diagnostic laboratories for testing and virus isolation in eggs. The sequence of the HA1 portion of the viral haemagglutinin was determined for each strain. Where possible, sequence was determined directly from swab material as well as from virus isolated in eggs. In Europe, 20 viruses were isolated from 15 sporadic outbreaks and 5 viruses were isolated from North America. All of the European and North American viruses were characterised as members of the Florida sublineage, with similarity to A/eq/Lincolnshire/1/07 (clade 1) or A/eq/Richmond/1/07 (clade 2). Antigenic characterisation by haemagglutination inhibition assay indicated that the two clades could be readily distinguished and there were also at least seven amino acid differences between them. The selection of vaccine strains for 2010 by the expert surveillance panel have taken these differences into account and it is now recommended that representatives of both Florida clade 1 and clade 2 are included in vaccines.
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2010-06-01 PubMed ID: 20580170DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.040Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research article is about the genetic and antigenic characterisation of the equine influenza virus strains isolated from Europe and North America between 2008 and 2009. The research aimed to inform and influence the selection of strains for inclusion in the vaccines.
Virus Isolation and Identification
- The equine influenza viruses that were studied were isolated over two years from 2008 to 2009. These viruses were retrieved from nasopharyngeal swabs taken from horses exhibiting acute clinical symptoms.
- Once the samples were collected, they were submitted to diagnostic laboratories, where the viruses were isolated in eggs – a common practice for breeding and studying influenza viruses.
- The authors isolated 20 viruses from 15 outbreaks in Europe and 5 viruses from North America.
Genetic Characterisation
- The researchers determined the sequence of the HA1 portion of the viral haemagglutinin for each virus strain, both directly from the swab material and from the virus that had been isolated in eggs. This helped them understand the genetic makeup of these strains.
- All the European and North American virus strains were found to be part of the Florida sublineage. They were deemed similar to either A/eq/Lincolnshire/1/07 (clade 1) or A/eq/Richmond/1/07 (clade 2), further dividing the group into two distinct clades.
Antigenic Characterisation
- Through a haemagglutination inhibition assay, a type of test used to quantify the amount of virus through its ability to cause red blood cells to stick together, the researchers were able to classify these two clades antigenically.
- The antigenic characterisation reflected at least seven critical amino acid differences between the two different clades, further specifying the distinction between them and underscoring the importance of detailed characterisation for understanding these viruses.
Implication for Vaccine Formulation
- The study’s results impacted the selection of vaccine strains in 2010, as it revealed a need to account for the antigenic diversity between different equine influenza strains.
- The expert surveillance panel, in light of these differences, recommended that representatives of both Florida clade 1 and clade 2 should be incorporated in the vaccines to ensure broader protection against the equine influenza virus.
Cite This Article
APA
Bryant NA, Rash AS, Woodward AL, Medcalf E, Helwegen M, Wohlfender F, Cruz F, Herrmann C, Borchers K, Tiwari A, Chambers TM, Newton JR, Mumford JA, Elton DM.
(2010).
Isolation and characterisation of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) from Europe and North America from 2008 to 2009.
Vet Microbiol, 147(1-2), 19-27.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.040 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, UK. neil.bryant@aht.org.uk
MeSH Terms
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral / analysis
- Europe
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / genetics
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / isolation & purification
- Molecular Sequence Data
- North America
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
- Phylogeny
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Citations
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