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Home / Equine Research Bank / Acta Trop / Japanese encephalitis in Malaysia: An overview and timeline.
Acta tropica2018; 185; 219-229; doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.017

Japanese encephalitis in Malaysia: An overview and timeline.

Abstract: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). It causes encephalitis in human and horses, and may lead to reproductive failure in sows. The first human encephalitis case in Malaya (now Malaysia) was reported during World War II in a British prison in 1942. Later, encephalitis was observed among race horses in Singapore. In 1951, the first JEV was isolated from the brain of an encephalitis patient. The true storyline of JE exposure among humans and animals has not been documented in Malaysia. In some places such as Sarawak, JEV has been isolated from mosquitoes before an outbreak in 1992. JE is an epidemic in Malaysia except Sarawak. There are four major outbreaks reported in Pulau Langkawi (1974), Penang (1988), Perak and Negeri Sembilan (1998-1999), and Sarawak (1992). JE is considered endemic only in Sarawak. Initially, both adults and children were victims of JE in Malaysia, however, according to the current reports; JE infection is only lethal to children in Malaysia. This paper describes a timeline of JE cases (background of each case) from first detection to current status, vaccination programs against JE, diagnostic methods used in hospitals and factors which may contribute to the transmission of JE among humans and animals in Malaysia.
Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2018-05-29 PubMed ID: 29856986DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.017Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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This research article provides an overview of the Japanese Encephalitis (JE) disease in Malaysia, mapping out its key outbreaks from first detection in World War II to the present state, alongside outlining the vaccination programs, diagnostic methods and contributing factors to its transmission in human and animal populations.

Japanese Encephalitis: An Introduction

  • Japanese encephalitis is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. It is caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV).
  • This disease can trigger encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain, in both humans and horses. Additionally, it can cause reproductive failures in sows.
  • In Malaysia, the first recorded case of encephalitis in a human was reported during the Second World War.

History of Japanese Encephalitis in Malaysia

  • The article offers a detailed timeline of JE’s occurrence in Malaysia, shedding light on its background, outbreaks, and current state.
  • The first isolation of the JEV came from the brain of a patient suffering from encephalitis in 1951.
  • JE has been discerned as epidemic in all regions of Malaysia, with the exception of Sarawak. In Sarawak, JEV was isolated from mosquitoes before an outbreak in 1992, however the comprehensive history and frequency of exposure among humans and animals in this region isn’t fully documented.
  • Major outbreaks have occurred in Pulau Langkawi (1974), Penang (1988), Perak and Negeri Sembilan (1998-1999), and Sarawak (1992).
  • Initially, JE was affecting both adults and children in Malaysia. Currently, according to the reports, JE infection seems to be lethal only for children.

Vaccination and Diagnostic Methodologies

  • The paper outlines the vaccination measures that have been taken against JE, suggesting significant efforts towards disease control.
  • It also covers the diagnostic methods used in hospitals for detecting the disease and reemphasizing the high importance of accurate diagnosis for timely treatment and control.

Exploring the Factors Contributing to JE Transmission

  • The paper investigates various factors that may contribute to JE’s transmission among humans and animals in Malaysia, providing a comprehensive understanding of the transmission dynamics.
  • This is crucial for prevention strategies, as understanding these elements can enable more effective interventions, ultimately aiming to reduce the prevalence of this disease in Malaysia.

Cite This Article

APA
Kumar K, Arshad SS, Selvarajah GT, Abu J, Toung OP, Abba Y, Yasmin AR, Bande F, Sharma R, Ong BL. (2018). Japanese encephalitis in Malaysia: An overview and timeline. Acta Trop, 185, 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.05.017

Publication

Acta tropica
ISSN: 1873-6254
NlmUniqueID: 0370374
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 185
Pages: 219-229
PII: S0001-706X(18)30240-7

Researcher Affiliations

Kumar, Kiven
  • Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: kivenkumar@yahoo.com.
Arshad, Siti Suri
  • Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: suri@upm.edu.my.
Selvarajah, Gayathri Thevi
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Abu, Jalila
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Toung, Ooi Peck
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Abba, Yusuf
  • Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Yasmin, A R
  • Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Bande, Faruku
  • Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Sharma, Reuben
  • Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Ong, Bee Lee
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, City Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Locked Bag 36, 16100, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Disease Outbreaks
  • Encephalitis, Japanese / epidemiology
  • Encephalitis, Japanese / prevention & control
  • Encephalitis, Japanese / transmission
  • Humans
  • Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines / immunology
  • Malaysia / epidemiology
  • Vaccination

Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
  1. Yadav P, Chakraborty P, Jha NK, Dewanjee S, Jha AK, Panda SP, Mishra PC, Dey A, Jha SK. Molecular Mechanism and Role of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Central Nervous System-Mediated Diseases.. Viruses 2022 Nov 30;14(12).
    doi: 10.3390/v14122686pubmed: 36560690google scholar: lookup
  2. Kuno G. Contrasting the Practices of Virus Isolation and Characterization between the Early Period in History and Modern Times: The Case of Japanese Encephalitis Virus.. Viruses 2022 Nov 26;14(12).
    doi: 10.3390/v14122640pubmed: 36560644google scholar: lookup
  3. Aure WE, Sayama Y, Saito-Obata M, Salazar NP, Malbas FF Jr, Galang HO, Imamura T, Zuasula CL, Oshitani H. Japanese encephalitis virus genotype III from mosquitoes in Tarlac, Philippines.. IJID Reg 2022 Sep;4:59-65.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.05.005pubmed: 36093364google scholar: lookup
  4. Kumar K, Ong HK, Tan WS, Arshad SS, Ho KL. Immunological Analysis of Nodavirus Capsid Displaying the Domain III of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Envelope Protein.. Pharmaceutics 2021 Nov 1;13(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111826pubmed: 34834244google scholar: lookup
  5. Aggarwal A, Adukia S, Bhatt M. Video Anthology of Movement Disorders Due to Infections in South Asia.. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2021 Aug;8(6):843-858.
    doi: 10.1002/mdc3.13275pubmed: 34405094google scholar: lookup
  6. Liu Z, Zhang Y, Tong MX, Zhang Y, Xiang J, Gao Q, Wang S, Sun S, Jiang B, Bi P. Nonlinear and Threshold Effect of Meteorological Factors on Japanese Encephalitis Transmission in Southwestern China.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020 Dec;103(6):2442-2449.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0040pubmed: 33124540google scholar: lookup
  7. Ain-Najwa MY, Yasmin AR, Omar AR, Arshad SS, Abu J, Mohammed HO, Kumar K, Loong SK, Rovie-Ryan JJ, Mohd-Kharip-Shah AK. Evidence of West Nile virus infection in migratory and resident wild birds in west coast of peninsular Malaysia.. One Health 2020 Dec;10:100134.
    doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100134pubmed: 32405525google scholar: lookup
  8. Kumar K, Arshad SS, Toung OP, Abba Y, Selvarajah GT, Abu J, A R Y, Ong BL, Bande F. The distribution of important sero-complexes of flaviviruses in Malaysia.. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019 Mar;51(3):495-506.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-018-01786-xpubmed: 30604332google scholar: lookup
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