FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Equine veterinary journal2022; 55(3); 515-523; doi: 10.1111/evj.13859

Laryngeal reinnervation using the spinal accessory nerve: Electromyographic study of the sternomandibularis muscle.

Abstract: Selective laryngeal reinnervation using the first and second cervical nerve (C1C2) is a treatment option for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy that aims to restore the function of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) muscle. Despite the technique's satisfying success rate, it has several limitations. These triggered the search for another potential donor nerve that could reduce CAD muscle fatigue and shorten rehabilitation. The ventral branch of the spinal accessory nerve, providing motor innervation to the sternomandibularis (SM) muscle, was identified as a potentially well-adapted nerve. Objective: To gather normative data from SM muscle activity induced by physiological spinal accessory nerve stimulation at rest and during exercise, and to determine SM muscle activity and fibre type recruitment relative to posture, gait and respiratory cycle. Methods: Clinical observational study. Methods: Surface electromyography (EMG) of the SM muscle was performed in nine horses: trained warmbloods, Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds. Signals were recorded in different feeding postures and at exercise, which included standardised treadmill exercise tests, lungeing and ridden work. Results: Timing of the SM muscle contraction coincided with inspiration at gallop. Intra-individual mean SM muscle activity increased with exercising speed (four times higher in Thoroughbreds at gallop than walk and seven times higher in Standardbreds at high-speed trot than walk). Moreover, the SM muscle was strongly activated at rest when the horse was grazing (seven times more than when it was eating out of a hay net or stable feeder). Frequency domain analysis revealed a predominant type I muscle fibre recruitment during feeding and at exercise (type I muscle fibre activity was at least 2.5 times higher than type II muscle fibre activity). Conclusions: Lack of reference data on equine EMG. Conclusions: This study confirmed the potentially advantageous properties of the spinal accessory nerve for laryngeal reinnervation.
© 2022 The Authors. Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-08-05 PubMed ID: 35831933DOI: 10.1111/evj.13859Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Observational Study
  • Veterinary
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is about a study into selective laryngeal reinnervation using the spinal accessory nerve as a treatment to restore function of the CAD muscle in horses, highlighting promising results especially when the horse is at rest or grazing.

Introduction and Objective

  • The article begins by noting the potential benefits of laryngeal reinnervation using the C1C2 cervical nerve as a treatment method for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.
  • Some of the limitations of this treatment necessitated the search for a more effective donor nerve that could reduce muscle fatigue in the CAD muscle and hasten rehabilitation.
  • The ventral branch of the spinal accessory nerve was identified as a potential donor nerve due to its adaptation for motor innervation of the SM muscle.
  • The objective of the study was to gather critical data on the SM muscle activity induced by spinal accessory nerve stimulation both at rest and during exercise and to understand the activity and fibre type recruitment relative to the horse’s posture, gait and respiratory cycle.

Methods

  • The observational study conducted made use of surface electromyography (EMG) to gather data about the SM muscle’s activity in nine horses. These horses were a combination of trained warmbloods, Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds.
  • The EMG signals were recorded in a variety of conditions including different feeding postures and during exercise. The exercises included treadmill tests, lungeing and ridden work.

Results

  • The results revealed that the timing of the SM muscle contraction coincided with the horse breathing in while galloping.
  • It was also observed that the mean SM muscle activity increased with exercising speed.
  • Additionally, the SM muscle was found to be strongly activated when the horse was resting or grazing.
  • A frequency domain analysis showed more recruitment of type I muscle fibres during feeding and exercise activities.

Conclusion

  • Though information was lacking about equine EMG, the study was able to confirm the potentially advantageous properties of the spinal accessory nerve for laryngeal reinnervation.

Cite This Article

APA
Campos Schweitzer A, Mespoulhès-Rivière C, Möller D, Ducharme N, Genton M, Farfan M, Rossignol F. (2022). Laryngeal reinnervation using the spinal accessory nerve: Electromyographic study of the sternomandibularis muscle. Equine Vet J, 55(3), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13859

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 55
Issue: 3
Pages: 515-523

Researcher Affiliations

Campos Schweitzer, Ariane
  • Equine Clinic of Grosbois, Boissy-St-Léger, France.
Mespoulhès-Rivière, Céline
  • National Veterinary School of Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Möller, Dirk
  • University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany.
Ducharme, Norm
  • College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Genton, Martin
  • Equine Clinic of Grosbois, Boissy-St-Léger, France.
Farfan, Maëlle
  • Equine Clinic of Grosbois, Boissy-St-Léger, France.
Rossignol, Fabrice
  • Equine Clinic of Grosbois, Boissy-St-Léger, France.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Accessory Nerve
  • Laryngeal Muscles / innervation
  • Muscles
  • Electromyography / veterinary
  • Gait

Grant Funding

  • Edouard de Rothschild Equine Foundation
  • Sport Horse Research Foundation

References

This article includes 39 references
  1. Cercone M, Hokanson CM, Olsen E, Ducharme NG, Mitchell LM, Piercy RJ. Asymmetric recurrent laryngeal nerve conduction velocities and dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle electromyographic characteristics in clinically normal horses.. Sci Rep 2019;9:2713.
  2. Davenport-Goodall CLM, Parente EJ. Disorders of the larynx.. Vet Clin North Am Eq Pract 2003;19:169-87.
  3. Cahill JI, Goulden BE. Equine laryngeal hemiplegia. Part I. A light microscopic study of peripheral nerves.. N Z Vet J 1986;34:161-9.
  4. Cahill JI, Goulden BE. Equine laryngeal hemiplegia. Part IV. Muscle pathology.. N Z Vet J 1986;34:186-90.
  5. Duncan ID, Griffiths IR, McQueen A, Baker GJ. The pathology of equine laryngeal hemiplegia.. Acta Neuropathol 1974;27:337-48.
  6. Hahn CN, Matiasek K, Dixon PM, Molony V, Rodenacker K, Mayhew IG. Histological and ultrastructural evidence that recurrent laryngeal neuropathy is a bilateral mononeuropathy limited to recurrent laryngeal nerves.. Equine Vet J 2008;40:666-72.
  7. Dixon PM, McGorum BC, Railton DI, Hawe C, Tremaine WH, Pickles K. Clinical and endoscopic evidence of progression of 152 cases of equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN).. Equine Vet J 2002;34:29-34.
  8. Dixon PM, McGorum BC, Railton DI, Hawe C, Tremaine W, Pickles K. Laryngeal paralysis: a study of 375 cases in a mixed-breed population of horses.. Equine Vet J 2001;33:452-8.
  9. Derksen FJ, Stick JA, Scott EA, Robinson NE, Slocombe RF. Effect of laryngeal hemiplegia and laryngoplasty on airway flow mechanics in exercising horses.. Am J Vet Res 1986;47:16-20.
  10. Dixon PM. Arterial blood gas values in horses with laryngeal paralysis.. Equine Vet J 2001;14:246-8.
  11. Rhee HS, Steel CM, Derksen FJ, Robinson NE, Hoh JF. Immunohistochemical analysis of laryngeal muscles in normal horses and horses with subclinical recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.. J Histochem Cytochem 2009;57(8):787-800.
  12. Shappell KK, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, Robinson NE. Effects of ventriculectomy, prosthetic laryngoplasty, and exercise on upper airway function in horses with induced left laryngeal hemiplegia.. Am J Vet Res 1988;49:1760-5.
  13. Cramp P, Barakzai SZ. Surgical management of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.. Equine Vet Educ 2012;24:307-21.
  14. Dixon PM, McGorum BC, Railton DI, Hawe C, Tremaine WH, Dacre K. Long-term survey of laryngoplasty and VCE in an older, mixed- breed population of 200 horses. Part 1: maintenance of surgical arytenoid abduction and complications of surgery.. Equine Vet J 2003;35:389-96.
  15. Dixon PM, McGorum BC, Railton DI, Hawe C, Tremaine WH, Dacre K. Long-term survey of laryngoplasty in an older, mixed-breed population of 200 horses. Part 2: owners' assessment of the value of surgery.. Equine Vet J 2003;35:397-401.
  16. Luedke LK, Cheetham J, Mohammed HO, Ducharme NG. Management of postoperative dysphagia after prosthetic laryngoplasty or arytenoidectomy.. Vet Surg 2020;49(3):529-39.
  17. Ducharme NG, Horney FD, Hulland TJ, Partlow GD, Schnurr D, Zutrauen K. Attempts to restore abduction of the paralyzed equine arytenoid cartilage. II. Nerve implantation (pilot study).. Can J Vet Res 1989;53(2):210-5.
  18. Fulton IC, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, Robinson NE, Walshaw R. Treatment of left laryngeal hemiplegia in standardbreds using a nerve muscle pedicle graft.. Am J Vet Res 1991;52:1461-7.
  19. Fulton IC, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, Robinson NE, Duncan ID. Histologic evaluation of nerve muscle pedicle graft as a treatment for left laryngeal hemiplegia in Standardbreds.. Am J Vet Res 1992;53:592-5.
  20. Fulton IC, Stick JA, Derksen FJ. Laryngeal reinnervation in the horse.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2003;19(1):189-208.
  21. Rossignol F, Brandenberger O, Perkins JD, Marie JP, Mespoulhès-Rivière C, Ducharme NG. Modified first or second cervical nerve transplantation technique for the treatment of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in horses.. Equine Vet J 2018;50(4):457-64.
  22. Cercone M, Olsen E, Perkins JD, Cheetham J, Mitchell LM, Ducharme NG. Investigation into pathophysiology of naturally occurring palatal instability and intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) in racehorses: thyro-hyoid muscles fatigue during exercise.. PLoS One 2019;14(10):e0224524.
  23. Barone R. Anatomie comparée des mammifères domestiques, Tome 2, partie 2, myologie.. 4ème ed. Paris, France: Vigot; 2009. p. 523-7.
  24. Barone R. Anatomie comparée des mammifères domestiques, Tome 7, Neurologie II.. 4ème ed. Paris, France: Vigot; 2009. p. 140-6.
  25. Konrad P. The ABC of EMG, a practical introduction to kinesiological electromyography.. USA: Noraxon INC; 2006.
  26. De Luca CJ, Donald Gilmore L, Kuznetsov M, Roy SH. Filtering the surface EMG signal: movement artifact and baseline noise contamination.. J Biomech 2010;43(8):1573-9.
  27. Kupa EJ, Roy SH, Kandarian SC, De Luca CJ. Effects of muscle fiber type and size on EMG median frequency and conduction velocity.. J Appl Physiol 1995;79(1):23-32.
  28. Laube W. Physiologie des sensomotorischen Systems.. In: Laube W, editor. Sensomotorisches System. Physiologisches Detailwissen für Physiotherapeuten. 1st ed. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2009. p. 23-117.
  29. Schiaffino S, Reggiani C. Fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscles.. Physiol Rev 2011;91:1447-531.
  30. Williams JM. Electromyography in the horse: a useful technology?. J Equine Vet Sci 2018;60:43-58.e2.
  31. Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, Ainsworth DM, Erb HN, Shannon KJ. Repeatability and normal values for measurement of pharyngeal and tracheal pressures in exercising horses.. Am J Vet Res 1994;55(3):368-74.
  32. Attenburrow DP. Time relationship between the respiratory cycle and limb cycle in the horse.. Equine Vet J 1982;14(1):69-72.
  33. Tokuriki M, Aoki O. Neck muscles activity in horses during locomotion with and without a rider.. Equine Exerc Physiol 1991;3:146-50.
  34. Buchner HH, Savelberg HH, Schamhardt HC, Barneveld A. Inertial properties of Dutch warmblood horses.. J Biomech 1997;30:653-8.
  35. Clayton HM, Hodson E, Lanovaz JL. The thoracic limb in walking horses: net joint moments and powers.. Equine Vet J 2000;34:295-9.
  36. Moore MP, Andrews F, Reed SM, Grant DG. Electromyographic evaluation of horses with laryngeal hemiplegia.. J Equine Vet Sci 1988;8(6):424-7.
  37. Möller D, Ballenberger N, Ackermann B, Zalpour C. Potential relevance of altered muscle activity and fatigue in the development of performance-related musculoskeletal injuries in high string musicians.. Med Probl Perform Art 2018;33(3):147-55.
  38. Adreani CM, Li ZB, Lehar M, Southwood LL, Habecker PL, Flint PW. Myosin heavy chain composition in normal and atrophic equine laryngeal muscle.. Vet Pathol 2006;43(6):881-9.
  39. Wan JJ, Qin Z, Wang PY, Sun Y, Liu X. Muscle fatigue: general understanding and treatment.. Exp Mol Med 2017;49(10):e384.

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.