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Viruses2024; 16(5); 781; doi: 10.3390/v16050781

Lessons Learned from West Nile Virus Infection:Vaccinations in Equines and Their Implications for One Health Approaches.

Abstract: Humans and equines are two dead-end hosts of the mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) with similar susceptibility and pathogenesis. Since the introduction of WNV vaccines into equine populations of the United States of America (USA) in late 2002, there have been only sporadic cases of WNV infection in equines. These cases are generally attributed to unvaccinated and under-vaccinated equines. In contrast, due to the lack of a human WNV vaccine, WNV cases in humans have remained steadily high. An average of 115 deaths have been reported per year in the USA since the first reported case in 1999. Therefore, the characterization of protective immune responses to WNV and the identification of immune correlates of protection in vaccinated equines will provide new fundamental information about the successful development and evaluation of WNV vaccines in humans. This review discusses the comparative epidemiology, transmission, susceptibility to infection and disease, clinical manifestation and pathogenesis, and immune responses of WNV in humans and equines. Furthermore, prophylactic and therapeutic strategies that are currently available and under development are described. In addition, the successful vaccination of equines against WNV and the potential lessons for human vaccine development are discussed.
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Publication Date: 2024-05-14 PubMed ID: 38793662PubMed Central: PMC11125849DOI: 10.3390/v16050781Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research article reviews the experience gained from vaccinating horses against West Nile virus (WNV) and explores how these lessons can inform the development of human vaccines and One Health strategies.

Introduction to West Nile Virus (WNV) and Hosts

  • WNV is a mosquito-borne virus that affects multiple species including humans and horses, both considered “dead-end hosts” since they do not contribute to further virus transmission.
  • Humans and equines exhibit similar susceptibility to WNV infection and show comparable disease progression and clinical symptoms.

Equine Vaccination and Its Effectiveness

  • WNV vaccines were introduced for use in horses in the USA in late 2002.
  • Following vaccine deployment, the incidence of WNV infections in horses dramatically declined, with most recent cases attributed to animals that were unvaccinated or insufficiently vaccinated.
  • The success of these vaccines demonstrates effective protection and helps identify immune responses that correlate with protection.

Human Infection and Challenges in Vaccine Development

  • In contrast to equines, no licensed vaccine exists for humans, resulting in persistently high numbers of WNV infections and significant annual mortality (average 115 deaths per year in the USA since 1999).
  • This underscores the public health challenge and the need for a safe and effective human vaccine.

Comparative Study of WNV in Humans vs. Equines

  • The article discusses similarities and differences in the epidemiology and transmission routes of WNV between humans and horses.
  • It compares susceptibility, clinical signs, pathogenesis, and immune system responses elicited by WNV infection in both species.
  • This comparative understanding aids in identifying key protective immune mechanisms that could inform human vaccine design.

Prophylactic and Therapeutic Strategies

  • The review covers current preventative measures including vaccination in equines and vector control in humans.
  • It highlights therapeutic approaches under development that target WNV infection and disease management.

Lessons from Equine Vaccination for One Health Approach

  • The article emphasizes that the immunity induced by equine vaccines provides valuable insights into immune correlates of protection.
  • Understanding these immune responses can accelerate the development and evaluation of human vaccines.
  • The One Health approach integrates veterinary and human medicine perspectives, promoting shared strategies to control WNV.
  • Insights from equine vaccination success illustrate how animal health interventions can inform human public health responses to zoonotic diseases.

Conclusion

  • Vaccinating horses against WNV has proven effective in reducing disease incidence and offers a model for human vaccine development.
  • Studying equine immune responses to WNV helps in identifying protective mechanisms that might be applicable in humans.
  • Adopting a One Health framework encourages collaborative efforts across species to better manage and prevent WNV infections globally.

Cite This Article

APA
Naveed A, Eertink LG, Wang D, Li F. (2024). Lessons Learned from West Nile Virus Infection:Vaccinations in Equines and Their Implications for One Health Approaches. Viruses, 16(5), 781. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050781

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 5
PII: 781

Researcher Affiliations

Naveed, Ahsan
  • Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
Eertink, Lianne G
  • Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
Wang, Dan
  • Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
Li, Feng
  • Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • West Nile Fever / immunology
  • West Nile Fever / prevention & control
  • West Nile Fever / virology
  • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / transmission
  • Horses
  • Animals
  • West Nile virus / immunology
  • Humans
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
  • West Nile Virus Vaccines / immunology
  • Vaccination / veterinary
  • One Health
  • United States / epidemiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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