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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Intern Med / Long-Term Humoral Immune Response After West Nile Virus Conv...
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2025; 39(4); e70176; doi: 10.1111/jvim.70176

Long-Term Humoral Immune Response After West Nile Virus Convalescence in Horses in a Geographic Area of Multiple Orthoflavivirus Co-Circulation.

Abstract: In the last three decades, West Nile virus (WNV, Flaviviridae, Orthoflavivirus genus) has become one of the most important encephalitic agents worldwide, causing substantial numbers of cases in humans and horses every year by re-emerging in endemic areas and emerging in new territories. It is considered that after natural WNV infection, humans and birds develop long-term immunoprotection, but data on immunoprotection in horses is scarce. Objective: West Nile virus infection provides long-term humoral immunity in subclinically infected horses. Methods: Client-owned, naturally WNV subclinically infected non-WNV-vaccinated, healthy horses. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, anti-WNV neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers of 25 horses were monitored for 5 consecutive years in Hungary. Serum samples were collected annually. First, a WNV immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA was performed, followed by virus neutralization tests (VNT) for endemic orthoflaviviruses. A VNT titer > 8 was considered positive. Results: The mean WNV titer of horses was 260.64 ± 336.74 in 2019, 114.32 ± 107.36 in 2020, 95.38 ± 115.56 in 2021, 22.53 ± 25.71 in 2022 and 6.31 ± 5.15 in 2023. A significant decrease (p < 0.001) in the nAb titers occurred over time. In 2023, 88% of the horses had WNV VNT titers below the cut-off value. Conclusions: Our results showed a significant decrease in WNV titers over time. Because nAbs correlate best with orthoflavivirus protection, our findings suggest that horses might not be protected against re-infection. We recommend regular nAb titer testing or vaccination in endemic areas.
© 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
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Publication Date: 2025-06-17 PubMed ID: 40525557PubMed Central: PMC12171932DOI: 10.1111/jvim.70176Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research explores the long-term effectiveness of the immune response to the West Nile virus (WNV) in horses, particularly in areas where multiple similar viruses coexist. The researchers found that the antibody levels in horses infected with WNV decreased significantly over five years, suggesting that horses might not be protected against re-infection.

About the West Nile Virus and The Research

  • The study focused on the West Nile virus, an encephalitis-causing agent that has been prevalent worldwide for the past three decades. This virus primarily affects humans and horses and tends to reappear in areas where it has already been identified.
  • While humans and birds are believed to develop persistent immunity post-infection, knowledge on the immunity process in horses is limited. This research aims to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the long-term immune response in horses after they recover from the infection.
  • The researchers closely monitored the anti-WNV neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers in 25 horses from Hungary over a period of five years. nAbs play a pivotal role in protecting against viral infections.

Methods of the Research

  • The researchers carried out a prospective cohort study on a sample of 25 horses that were naturally infected by west Nile virus but were not vaccinated against it. These horses were also clinically healthy.
  • The researchers performed a series of tests on serum samples collected annually from these horses for five consecutive years, including an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralization tests (VNT).
  • The researchers defined a VNT titer above 8 as positive, thus indicating the presence of antibodies.

Findings of the Study

  • The findings revealed a significant decrease in the average WNV titer in the horses over the five years. Specifically, the mean WNV titer declined from 260.64±336.74 in 2019 to 6.31±5.15 in 2023.
  • By the end of the study in 2023, 88% of the horses had WNV VNT titers below the cut-off, indicating a decrease in their protective antibodies against the virus.

Conclusion and Recommendations

  • The research concluded that the significant decrease in WNV titers over time indicates that horses might not be protected against re-infection by the West Nile virus.
  • Given the crucial role of nAbs in protecting against orthoflavivirus infection, the researchers recommend regular nAb titer testing or vaccination in endemic areas to prevent potential re-infections.

Cite This Article

APA
Tolnai CH, Forgách P, Marosi A, Fehér O, Paszerbovics B, Tenk M, Wagenhoffer Z, Kutasi O. (2025). Long-Term Humoral Immune Response After West Nile Virus Convalescence in Horses in a Geographic Area of Multiple Orthoflavivirus Co-Circulation. J Vet Intern Med, 39(4), e70176. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70176

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 39
Issue: 4
Pages: e70176

Researcher Affiliations

Tolnai, Csenge Hanna
  • Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Health Safety National Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary.
Forgách, Petra
  • Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Health Safety National Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary.
Marosi, András
  • Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Health Safety National Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary.
Fehér, Orsolya
  • Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Institute for Animal Breeding, Budapest, Hungary.
Paszerbovics, Bettina
  • Department of Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.
Tenk, Miklós
  • Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary.
  • Health Safety National Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary.
Wagenhoffer, Zsombor
  • Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Institute for Animal Breeding, Budapest, Hungary.
Kutasi, Orsolya
  • Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Institute for Animal Breeding, Budapest, Hungary.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • West Nile Fever / immunology
  • West Nile Fever / virology
  • West Nile virus / immunology
  • Immunity, Humoral
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Antibodies, Neutralizing / blood
  • Male
  • Prospective Studies
  • Female
  • Neutralization Tests / veterinary
  • Immunoglobulin G / blood
  • Flaviviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Flaviviridae Infections / immunology

Grant Funding

  • SRF-001 / University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest
  • RRF 2.3.1-21-2021-00006 / National Research, Development and Innovation Office

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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