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BMC veterinary research2026; doi: 10.1186/s12917-026-05368-0

Long term safety and efficacy of a functionalized nanogel with endothelin-1 and bradykinin receptor antagonist peptides for treatment of osteoarthritis of the metacarpophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints in horses: a descriptive clinical pilot study.

Abstract: Intra-articular drug delivery systems (DDS) are emerging as promising therapies for osteoarthritis (OA), yet their efficacy in spontaneous clinical cases remains largely untested. This uncontrolled, descriptive pilot study was designed to provide a proof of concept for the feasibility, safety, and preliminary clinical effects of intra-articular administration in sport horses with naturally occurring OA. The study involved a peptide-functionalized nanogel composed of chitosan and hyaluronic acid, delivering endothelin type A (BQ-123) and bradykinin B1 (R-954) receptor antagonists, which have previously demonstrated anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective properties in preclinical models. Results: Eight client-owned sport horses with moderate OA of the metacarpophalangeal (MCPJ) or distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) received a single intra-articular injection of 2.4 mL nanogel and were followed for 12 months. No major adverse events were observed. Two horses developed mild, transient joint swelling that resolved within three days. Seven of eight horses showed improvement in lameness scores by week 12, although complete resolution on hard ground circles was observed in only two horses. All horses were sound on soft ground and returned to competition, with a median time of 128 days post-treatment. Six horses remained in active competition at one year without additional intervention. Four horses (50%) met the predefined primary outcome of return to the same level and frequency of competition as before lameness onset. Horses treated for DIPJ OA and those showing radiographic joint space narrowing were overrepresented among treatment failures. Conclusions: Intra-articular administration of a peptide-functionalized nanogel was feasible and well tolerated in sport horses with naturally occurring OA and was associated with partial but prolonged clinical improvement. Although only half of the horses achieved full return to pre-lameness performance, most showed sustained clinical benefit without additional treatment over one year. These findings support further investigation of this drug delivery system in larger, randomized controlled trials to better define its therapeutic efficacy and optimal indications.
© 2026. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2026-03-03 PubMed ID: 41776496DOI: 10.1186/s12917-026-05368-0Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study evaluated the long-term safety and preliminary efficacy of a novel peptide-functionalized nanogel for treating naturally occurring osteoarthritis (OA) in specific horse joints.
  • The research aimed to demonstrate whether intra-articular delivery of receptor antagonist peptides via this nanogel could provide clinical benefits in sport horses with OA.

Background and Study Rationale

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease affecting horses, especially sport horses involved in high-impact activities.
  • Current treatments often involve symptomatic relief; however, drug delivery systems (DDS) targeting affected joints directly have potential to improve outcomes by reducing inflammation and protecting cartilage.
  • Previous preclinical research suggested that endothelin type A (BQ-123) and bradykinin B1 (R-954) receptor antagonists have anti-inflammatory and cartilage-protective effects.
  • A nanogel composed of biocompatible materials (chitosan and hyaluronic acid) was developed to deliver these peptides directly into joint spaces, aiming to sustain drug presence and action locally.
  • Despite promising preclinical data, the application and efficacy of such DDS in real-world, spontaneously occurring OA cases in horses remained untested, prompting this pilot study.

Study Design and Methods

  • Design: An uncontrolled, descriptive pilot clinical study was conducted to assess safety and preliminary efficacy.
  • Subjects: Eight client-owned sport horses diagnosed with moderate OA affecting either the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) or the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ).
  • Intervention: Each horse received a single intra-articular injection of 2.4 mL of the functionalized nanogel containing the two receptor antagonists.
  • Follow-up period: Horses were monitored for 12 months post-injection, with clinical assessments focusing on lameness, joint swelling, and return to competition.

Safety Outcomes

  • No major adverse events related to the nanogel injection were observed over the year-long follow-up.
  • Two horses experienced mild and transient joint swelling lasting fewer than three days, indicating good tolerability.
  • The safety profile supports the feasibility of intra-articular delivery of this peptide-functionalized nanogel in sport horses.

Efficacy Outcomes

  • Lameness Improvement:
    • Seven out of eight horses showed improvement in lameness within 12 weeks of treatment.
    • However, only two horses demonstrated complete resolution of lameness when assessed on hard ground circles.
    • All horses were sound when assessed on soft ground.
  • Return to Competition:
    • The median time for horses to return to competition was 128 days after treatment.
    • Six horses remained actively competing one year after treatment without needing additional therapies.
    • Four horses (50%) achieved the primary outcome of returning to their pre-lameness level and frequency of competition.
  • Subgroup Observations:
    • Horses with OA in the DIPJ and those showing radiographic joint space narrowing were more likely to fail achieving the primary outcome.

Conclusions and Implications

  • The study demonstrated that a single intra-articular injection of a peptide-functionalized nanogel is safe and well-tolerated in horses with spontaneous OA in MCPJ or DIPJ.
  • While only half the horses completely regained their pre-lameness competition capabilities, most maintained clinically meaningful improvements over a year without further treatment.
  • Partial but sustained clinical benefits suggest this DDS could be a promising therapeutic modality for managing OA in sport horses.
  • Limitations include the small sample size and absence of control groups; thus, findings need confirmation through larger, randomized controlled trials.
  • Future studies should focus on:
    • Optimizing dosage and administration schedules.
    • Identifying which horse populations benefit most, possibly avoiding cases with severe joint space narrowing or DIPJ involvement.
    • Comparing nanogel-based delivery to existing treatment protocols.

Summary

  • This pilot clinical study provides encouraging early evidence for the intra-articular use of a nanogel delivering specific receptor antagonists to treat equine OA.
  • Results highlight the potential for improved management of joint disease in horses, with a long-lasting effect and minimal adverse reactions.
  • The research forms a foundation for more rigorous investigations needed to establish therapeutic standards and broaden clinical application.

Cite This Article

APA
Terlinden A, Jacquet S, Manivong S, Coudry V, Tallaj A, Cullier A, Legendre F, Garcia AA, Moldovan F, Sirois P, Banquy X, Galéra P, Audigié F, Roullin G, Demoor M, Bertoni L. (2026). Long term safety and efficacy of a functionalized nanogel with endothelin-1 and bradykinin receptor antagonist peptides for treatment of osteoarthritis of the metacarpophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints in horses: a descriptive clinical pilot study. BMC Vet Res. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-026-05368-0

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

Terlinden, Antoinette
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ACAP3, Goustranville, F-14430, France.
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France.
Jacquet, Sandrine
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ACAP3, Goustranville, F-14430, France.
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France.
Manivong, Seng
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
  • Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
  • Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
Coudry, Virginie
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ACAP3, Goustranville, F-14430, France.
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France.
Tallaj, Amelie
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ACAP3, Goustranville, F-14430, France.
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France.
Cullier, Aurélie
  • Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, BIOTARGEN UR7450, Normandie Equine Vallée, GIS CENTAURE, Caen, F-14000, France.
Legendre, Florence
  • Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, BIOTARGEN UR7450, Normandie Equine Vallée, GIS CENTAURE, Caen, F-14000, France.
Garcia, Araceli Ac
  • Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
  • TransMedTech Institute (NanoBio Technology Platform), Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
Moldovan, Florina
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
  • Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
Sirois, Pierre
  • Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
Banquy, Xavier
  • Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
Galéra, Philippe
  • Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, BIOTARGEN UR7450, Normandie Equine Vallée, GIS CENTAURE, Caen, F-14000, France.
Audigié, Fabrice
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ACAP3, Goustranville, F-14430, France.
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France.
Roullin, Gaëlle
  • Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
Demoor, Magali
  • Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, BIOTARGEN UR7450, Normandie Equine Vallée, GIS CENTAURE, Caen, F-14000, France.
Bertoni, Lélia
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ACAP3, Goustranville, F-14430, France. lelia.bertoni@vet-alfort.fr.
  • Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France. lelia.bertoni@vet-alfort.fr.

Grant Funding

  • ESF 2014-2020 / Operational Program ERDF (European Regional Development Funds)/ESF 2014-2020 and by an ERDF and Regional Council of Normandie (France) grant in the CPER Centaure program (2014-2020)
  • Ph.D. scholarship / Arthritis Society
  • Ph.D. scholarship / Institut TransMedTech
  • Ph.D. scholarship CARTnGEL project / Région Normandie
  • FQR-NT (2018-PR-205644) and CIHR grants (#186079 and #189175) / Canadian funding

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study protocol was approved by the ComERC/ENVA Ethical Committee (Permit No. 2022–01–11–1) and written informed consent was obtained from all owners prior to inclusion. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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