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Parasites & vectors2020; 13(1); 509; doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04396-5

Meta-analysis of cyathostomin species-specific prevalence and relative abundance in domestic horses from 1975-2020: emphasis on geographical region and specimen collection method.

Abstract: Cyathostomins infect virtually all horses, and concomitant infections with 10 or more species per horse is standard. Species-specific knowledge is limited, despite potential species bias in development of disease and anthelmintic resistance. This is the first meta-analysis to examine effects of geographical region and cyathostomin collection method on reported composition of cyathostomin communities. Methods: Thirty-seven articles published in English in 1975 or later, in which adults of individual species were systematically enumerated, were included. Seven regions; North America, South America, eastern Europe, western Europe, northern Europe, southern Africa, and Oceania, and three cyathostomin collection methods; (i) standard necropsy recovery from the large intestine, (ii) critical test collection from post-treatment feces and necropsy, and (iii) diagnostic deworming recovery solely from post-treatment feces, were considered. Generalized mixed linear models analyzed the effects of region and collection method on species-specific prevalence and relative abundance. Species richness was analyzed by mixed linear models. Results: Definitively, the most prevalent and relatively abundant species were Cylicocyclus nassatus (prevalence = 93%, relative abundance = 20%), Cylicostephanus (Cys.) longibursatus (93%, 20%), and Cyathostomum catinatum (90%, 16%). A bias toward horses with high infection intensities and cyathostomin collection from feces resulted in North American critical tests and eastern European diagnostic deworming overestimating the species-specific prevalence and underestimating the relative abundance of rare/uncommon species compared to respective intra-regional standard necropsies. North American critical tests underestimated species richness due partially to identification key errors. Inter-regional standard necropsy comparisons yielded some species-specific regional differences, including a significantly higher Cys. longibursatus prevalence and relative abundance in North America (92%, 33%) than in eastern Europe (51%, 7%) (P > 0.0001). Localization of critical tests to North America and diagnostic deworming to Eastern Europe precluded expansive 'region by collection method' interaction analyses. Conclusions: We provide substantial data to inform study design, e.g. effect and study size, for cyathostomin research and highlight necessity for method standardization and raw data accessibility for optimal post-factum comparisons.
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Publication Date: 2020-10-12 PubMed ID: 33046130PubMed Central: PMC7552500DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04396-5Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Meta-Analysis
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research is a comprehensive review and analysis of studies on the prevalence and relative abundance of cyathostomin species in horses which takes into account the geographical region and the cyathostomin collection method used.

Introduction and Methodology

  • The researchers compiled and analyzed 37 articles published since 1975 that provided detailed information about adult cyathostomin species found in horses. Cyathostomins are a group of parasitic worms that are commonly found in horses, with typical infections involving multiple species.
  • The articles encompassed data collected from seven geographical regions, namely North America, South America, eastern Europe, western Europe, northern Europe, southern Africa, and Oceania.
  • The study also took into consideration three main methods used for collecting cyathostomins: standard necropsy recovery from the large intestine, critical test collection from post-treatment feces and necropsy, and diagnostic deworming recovery solely from post-treatment feces.

Major Findings

  • The most commonly encountered species by prevalence (proportion of horses infected) and relative abundance (percentage of the total worm burden attributable to that species) were Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, and Cyathostomum catinatum.
  • The researchers found a pattern of overestimation of species-specific prevalence and underestimation of the relative abundance of rare/uncommon species when the horse subjects had high infection intensities and when cyathostomin collections were done from feces. This was particularly noted in the North American critical tests and the eastern European diagnostic deworming methods.
  • The study also found that the North American critical tests had a tendency to underestimate the total number of cyathostomin species present (species richness) due to errors in the identification keys used.
  • When comparing results obtained using the standard necropsy method, certain regional variations were noted, such as the notably higher prevalence and relative abundance of Cys. longibursatus in North America compared to eastern Europe.

Conclusions and Recommendations

  • From their analysis, the researchers emphasized the need for standard methods to be used when collecting and analyzing cyathostomins, as well as the importance of providing raw data for future comparisons.
  • By better understanding these region-specific and method-specific disparities, future research can improve its study design, logistics, and significance resulting in more robust and reliable outcomes in the field of cyathostomin research.

Cite This Article

APA
Bellaw JL, Nielsen MK. (2020). Meta-analysis of cyathostomin species-specific prevalence and relative abundance in domestic horses from 1975-2020: emphasis on geographical region and specimen collection method. Parasit Vectors, 13(1), 509. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04396-5

Publication

Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
NlmUniqueID: 101462774
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 509
PII: 509

Researcher Affiliations

Bellaw, Jennifer L
  • M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Nielsen, Martin K
  • M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. martin.nielsen@uky.edu.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Anthelmintics / therapeutic use
  • Autopsy / methods
  • Feces / parasitology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horses / parasitology
  • Parasite Egg Count / veterinary
  • Prevalence
  • Species Specificity
  • Specimen Handling / methods
  • Strongylida Infections / diagnosis
  • Strongylida Infections / drug therapy
  • Strongylida Infections / epidemiology
  • Strongylida Infections / veterinary
  • Strongyloidea / classification
  • Strongyloidea / isolation & purification
  • Strongyloidea / pathogenicity

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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