Analyze Diet
Endocrine connections2014; 3(3); R81-R93; doi: 10.1530/EC-14-0038

Metabolic syndrome: is equine disease comparable to what we know in humans?

Abstract: This review summarizes similarities and differences between the metabolic syndromes in humans and equines, concerning the anatomy, symptoms, and pathophysiological mechanisms. In particular, it discusses the structure and distribution of adipose tissue and its specific metabolic pathways. Furthermore, this article provides insights and focuses on issues concerning laminitis in horses and cardiovascular diseases in humans, as well as their overlap.
Publication Date: 2014-06-03 PubMed ID: 24894908PubMed Central: PMC4068110DOI: 10.1530/EC-14-0038Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article focuses on a comparative study between metabolic syndrome in humans and horses, exploring the similarities and differences in anatomy, symptoms, and related pathophysiological mechanisms.

Comparative study between humans and equines

  • This research article explores the metabolic syndrome in both humans and equines, providing an understanding of how the syndrome is similar or different between the two.
  • The comparison is drawn on various fronts including the structure and distribution of adipose tissue and metabolic pathways, which play a crucial role in metabolic syndrome.
  • The article examines the symptoms and physiological aspects of metabolic syndrome in both species, focusing on the way these symptoms appear, progress and can be managed.

Focus on specific symptoms

  • One of the major symptoms discussed in the research is laminitis, a disease that primarily affects horses. By studying this condition, the researchers are able to provide further insight into the metabolic mechanisms involved.
  • The article also touches on cardiovascular diseases in humans, which are closely associated with metabolic syndrome. Comparing these with laminitis in horses allows the researchers to explore potential overlaps and understand if treatments or preventative measures could also be shared.

Pathophysiological mechanisms

  • The article delves into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in metabolic syndrome. These mechanisms are integral to understanding how the syndrome develops and progresses, allowing for targeted treatment.

Implications of the study

  • By drawing comparisons between metabolic syndrome in humans and horses, the study can potentially open avenues for shared treatment methods and measures to prevent the onset of the syndrome.
  • The study also contributes to a better understanding of metabolic syndrome in general, both in terms of its manifestation and treatment approaches.

Cite This Article

APA
Ertelt A, Barton AK, Schmitz RR, Gehlen H. (2014). Metabolic syndrome: is equine disease comparable to what we know in humans? Endocr Connect, 3(3), R81-R93. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-14-0038

Publication

ISSN: 2049-3614
NlmUniqueID: 101598413
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 3
Issue: 3
Pages: R81-R93

Researcher Affiliations

Ertelt, Antonia
  • Equine ClinicFree University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany antonia.ertelt@fu-berlin.de.
Barton, Ann-Kristin
  • Equine ClinicFree University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Schmitz, Robert R
  • Equine ClinicFree University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Gehlen, Heidrun
  • Equine ClinicFree University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

References

This article includes 129 references
  1. Camus JP. [Gout, diabetes, hyperlipemia: a metabolic trisyndrome].. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1966 Jan-Feb;33(1):10-4.
    pubmed: 5910828
  2. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease.. Diabetes 1988 Dec;37(12):1595-607.
    doi: 10.2337/diab.37.12.1595pubmed: 3056758google scholar: lookup
  3. Kaplan NM. The deadly quartet. Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension.. Arch Intern Med 1989 Jul;149(7):1514-20.
  4. . Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report.. Circulation 2002 Dec 17;106(25):3143-421.
    pubmed: 12485966
  5. Johnson PJ. The equine metabolic syndrome peripheral Cushing's syndrome.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2002 Aug;18(2):271-93.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(02)00006-8pubmed: 15635908google scholar: lookup
  6. Fulop T, Tessier D, Carpentier A. The metabolic syndrome.. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2006 Sep;54(7):375-86.
    doi: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.07.002pubmed: 16904849google scholar: lookup
  7. Frank N, Geor RJ, Bailey SR, Durham AE, Johnson PJ. Equine metabolic syndrome.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 May-Jun;24(3):467-75.
  8. Liebich HG. Funktionelle Histologie der Haussugetiere. 5th Edn, pp 77–79. Schattauer GmbH: Stuttgard, Germany, 2010.
  9. Vick MM, Sessions DR, Murphy BA, Kennedy EL, Reedy SE, Fitzgerald BP. Obesity is associated with altered metabolic and reproductive activity in the mare: effects of metformin on insulin sensitivity and reproductive cyclicity.. Reprod Fertil Dev 2006;18(6):609-17.
    doi: 10.1071/RD06016pubmed: 16930507google scholar: lookup
  10. Schwegler JS, Lucius R. Bindeund Stützgewebe. In Der Mensch Anatomie und Physiologie [Human Anatomy and Physiology], 5th edn. Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart, Germany, 2011.
  11. Petrovic N, Walden TB, Shabalina IG, Timmons JA, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Chronic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) activation of epididymally derived white adipocyte cultures reveals a population of thermogenically competent, UCP1-containing adipocytes molecularly distinct from classic brown adipocytes.. J Biol Chem 2010 Mar 5;285(10):7153-64.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.053942pmc: PMC2844165pubmed: 20028987google scholar: lookup
  12. Waldén TB, Hansen IR, Timmons JA, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Recruited vs. nonrecruited molecular signatures of brown, "brite," and white adipose tissues.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012 Jan 1;302(1):E19-31.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00249.2011pubmed: 21828341google scholar: lookup
  13. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H, Huang J, Futrell JW, Katz AJ, Benhaim P, Lorenz HP, Hedrick MH. Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies.. Tissue Eng 2001 Apr;7(2):211-28.
    doi: 10.1089/107632701300062859pubmed: 11304456google scholar: lookup
  14. Koch TG, Berg LC, Betts DH. Concepts for the clinical use of stem cells in equine medicine.. Can Vet J 2008 Oct;49(10):1009-17.
    pmc: PMC2553494pubmed: 19119371
  15. Crandall DL, Hausman GJ, Kral JG. A review of the microcirculation of adipose tissue: anatomic, metabolic, and angiogenic perspectives.. Microcirculation 1997 Jun;4(2):211-32.
    doi: 10.3109/10739689709146786pubmed: 9219215google scholar: lookup
  16. Ballard KW. Functional characteristics of the microcirculation in white adipose tissue.. Microvasc Res 1978 Jul;16(1):1-18.
    doi: 10.1016/0026-2862(78)90041-9pubmed: 357931google scholar: lookup
  17. Gallagher D, Kelley DE, Yim JE, Spence N, Albu J, Boxt L, Pi-Sunyer FX, Heshka S. Adipose tissue distribution is different in type 2 diabetes.. Am J Clin Nutr 2009 Mar;89(3):807-14.
    doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26955pmc: PMC2714397pubmed: 19158213google scholar: lookup
  18. Litwinczuk A, Florek M, Skalecki P, Litwinczuk Z. Slaughter value and quality of horse carcasses in relation to the pre-slaughter body weight. Fleischwirtschaft International 2007;2:111–113.
  19. Souci S, Fachmann W, Kraut H. Food composition and nutrition tables. In Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie. 7th Edn. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft: Stuttgart, Germany, 2008.
  20. Misra A, Garg A, Abate N, Peshock RM, Stray-Gundersen J, Grundy SM. Relationship of anterior and posterior subcutaneous abdominal fat to insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic men.. Obes Res 1997 Mar;5(2):93-9.
  21. Snijder MB, Dekker JM, Visser M, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CD, Kostense PJ, Yudkin JS, Heine RJ, Nijpels G, Seidell JC. Associations of hip and thigh circumferences independent of waist circumference with the incidence of type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn Study.. Am J Clin Nutr 2003 May;77(5):1192-7.
    pubmed: 12716671doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1192google scholar: lookup
  22. Tankó LB, Bagger YZ, Alexandersen P, Larsen PJ, Christiansen C. Peripheral adiposity exhibits an independent dominant antiatherogenic effect in elderly women.. Circulation 2003 Apr 1;107(12):1626-31.
  23. Item F, Konrad D. Visceral fat and metabolic inflammation: the portal theory revisited.. Obes Rev 2012 Dec;13 Suppl 2:30-9.
  24. Santosa S, Jensen MD. Why are we shaped differently, and why does it matter?. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008 Sep;295(3):E531-5.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90357.2008pmc: PMC2536731pubmed: 18492764google scholar: lookup
  25. O'Rourke RW, Metcalf MD, White AE, Madala A, Winters BR, Maizlin II, Jobe BA, Roberts CT Jr, Slifka MK, Marks DL. Depot-specific differences in inflammatory mediators and a role for NK cells and IFN-gamma in inflammation in human adipose tissue.. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009 Sep;33(9):978-90.
    doi: 10.1038/ijo.2009.133pmc: PMC3150185pubmed: 19564875google scholar: lookup
  26. Ostman J, Arner P, Engfeldt P, Kager L. Regional differences in the control of lipolysis in human adipose tissue.. Metabolism 1979 Dec;28(12):1198-205.
    doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(79)90131-8pubmed: 229383google scholar: lookup
  27. Björntorp P. "Portal" adipose tissue as a generator of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.. Arteriosclerosis 1990 Jul-Aug;10(4):493-6.
    doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.10.4.493pubmed: 2196039google scholar: lookup
  28. Arner P. Not all fat is alike.. Lancet 1998 May 2;351(9112):1301-2.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79052-8pubmed: 9643790google scholar: lookup
  29. Bolinder J, Kager L, Ostman J, Arner P. Differences at the receptor and postreceptor levels between human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue in the action of insulin on lipolysis.. Diabetes 1983 Feb;32(2):117-23.
    doi: 10.2337/diab.32.2.117pubmed: 6337893google scholar: lookup
  30. Edens NK, Fried SK, Kral JG, Hirsch J, Leibel RL. In vitro lipid synthesis in human adipose tissue from three abdominal sites.. Am J Physiol 1993 Sep;265(3 Pt 1):E374-9.
  31. Caesar R, Manieri M, Kelder T, Boekschoten M, Evelo C, Müller M, Kooistra T, Cinti S, Kleemann R, Drevon CA. A combined transcriptomics and lipidomics analysis of subcutaneous, epididymal and mesenteric adipose tissue reveals marked functional differences.. PLoS One 2010 Jul 12;5(7):e11525.
  32. Koutsari C, Ali AH, Mundi MS, Jensen MD. Storage of circulating free fatty acid in adipose tissue of postabsorptive humans: quantitative measures and implications for body fat distribution.. Diabetes 2011 Aug;60(8):2032-40.
    doi: 10.2337/db11-0154pmc: PMC3142075pubmed: 21659500google scholar: lookup
  33. Vohl MC, Sladek R, Robitaille J, Gurd S, Marceau P, Richard D, Hudson TJ, Tchernof A. A survey of genes differentially expressed in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in men.. Obes Res 2004 Aug;12(8):1217-22.
    doi: 10.1038/oby.2004.153pubmed: 15340102google scholar: lookup
  34. Gesta S, Tseng YH, Kahn CR. Developmental origin of fat: tracking obesity to its source.. Cell 2007 Oct 19;131(2):242-56.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.004pubmed: 17956727google scholar: lookup
  35. Tchkonia T, Lenburg M, Thomou T, Giorgadze N, Frampton G, Pirtskhalava T, Cartwright A, Cartwright M, Flanagan J, Karagiannides I, Gerry N, Forse RA, Tchoukalova Y, Jensen MD, Pothoulakis C, Kirkland JL. Identification of depot-specific human fat cell progenitors through distinct expression profiles and developmental gene patterns.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007 Jan;292(1):E298-307.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00202.2006pubmed: 16985259google scholar: lookup
  36. Yamamoto Y, Gesta S, Lee KY, Tran TT, Saadatirad P, Kahn CR. Adipose depots possess unique developmental gene signatures.. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010 May;18(5):872-878.
    doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.512pmc: PMC4377838pubmed: 20111017google scholar: lookup
  37. Rasouli N, Kern PA. Adipocytokines and the metabolic complications of obesity.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008 Nov;93(11 Suppl 1):S64-73.
    doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-1613pmc: PMC2585759pubmed: 18987272google scholar: lookup
  38. Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease.. Nat Rev Immunol 2011 Feb;11(2):85-97.
    doi: 10.1038/nri2921pmc: PMC3518031pubmed: 21252989google scholar: lookup
  39. Burns TA, Geor RJ, Mudge MC, McCutcheon LJ, Hinchcliff KW, Belknap JK. Proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression profiles in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue depots of insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive light breed horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 Jul-Aug;24(4):932-9.
  40. Waller AP, Huettner L, Kohler K, Lacombe VA. Novel link between inflammation and impaired glucose transport during equine insulin resistance.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012 Oct 15;149(3-4):208-15.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.07.003pubmed: 22871576google scholar: lookup
  41. Holbrook TC, Tipton T, McFarlane D. Neutrophil and cytokine dysregulation in hyperinsulinemic obese horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012 Jan 15;145(1-2):283-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.11.013pubmed: 22169327google scholar: lookup
  42. Treiber K, Carter R, Gay L, Williams C, Geor R. Inflammatory and redox status of ponies with a history of pasture-associated laminitis.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009 Jun 15;129(3-4):216-20.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.11.004pubmed: 19108899google scholar: lookup
  43. Alemany M. Relationship between energy dense diets and white adipose tissue inflammation in metabolic syndrome.. Nutr Res 2013 Jan;33(1):1-11.
    doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.11.013pubmed: 23351404google scholar: lookup
  44. Landin K, Tengborn L, Smith U. Elevated fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in hypertension are related to metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease.. J Intern Med 1990 Apr;227(4):273-8.
  45. Björntorp P. Metabolic implications of body fat distribution.. Diabetes Care 1991 Dec;14(12):1132-43.
    doi: 10.2337/diacare.14.12.1132pubmed: 1773700google scholar: lookup
  46. Watarai T, Yamasaki Y, Ikeda M, Kubota M, Kodama M, Tsujino T, Kishimoto M, Kawamori R, Hori M. Insulin resistance contributes to carotid arterial wall thickness in patients with non-insulin-dependent-diabetes mellitus.. Endocr J 1999 Oct;46(5):629-38.
    doi: 10.1507/endocrj.46.629pubmed: 10670747google scholar: lookup
  47. Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, Nakagawa T, Taniguchi H, Fujii K, Omatsu T, Nakajima T, Sarui H, Shimazaki M, Kato T, Okuda J, Ida K. The metabolic syndrome as a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.. Ann Intern Med 2005 Nov 15;143(10):722-8.
  48. Aquilante CL, Kosmiski LA, Knutsen SD, Zineh I. Relationship between plasma resistin concentrations, inflammatory chemokines, and components of the metabolic syndrome in adults.. Metabolism 2008 Apr;57(4):494-501.
    doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.11.010pubmed: 18328350google scholar: lookup
  49. Hung J, McQuillan BM, Thompson PL, Beilby JP. Circulating adiponectin levels associate with inflammatory markers, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome independent of obesity.. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008 May;32(5):772-9.
    doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803793pubmed: 18253163google scholar: lookup
  50. Roberts CK, Sindhu KK. Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome.. Life Sci 2009 May 22;84(21-22):705-12.
    doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.02.026pubmed: 19281826google scholar: lookup
  51. Leggett CL, Nelsen EM, Tian J, Schleck CB, Zinsmeister AR, Dunagan KT, Locke GR 3rd, Wang KK, Talley NJ, Iyer PG. Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for Barrett esophagus: a population-based case-control study.. Mayo Clin Proc 2013 Feb;88(2):157-65.
  52. Ma X, Zhu S. Metabolic syndrome in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes--still a matter of debate?. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013 May;67(5):518-21.
    doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.24pubmed: 23403882google scholar: lookup
  53. Celermajer DS. Endothelial dysfunction: does it matter? Is it reversible?. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997 Aug;30(2):325-33.
    pubmed: 9247501doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00189-7google scholar: lookup
  54. Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction: a marker of atherosclerotic risk.. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003 Feb 1;23(2):168-75.
  55. Tok D, Özcan F, Kadife İ, Turak O, Çağlı K, Başar N, Gölbaşı Z, Aydoğdu S. Impaired coronary flow reserve evaluated by echocardiography is associated with increased aortic stiffness in patients with metabolic syndrome: an observational study.. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2013 May;13(3):227-34.
    doi: 10.5152/akd.2013.068pubmed: 23376651google scholar: lookup
  56. Ohnuki T, Takahashi W, Ohnuki Y, Kawada S, Takizawa S. Significance of the presence of metabolic syndrome in patients with asymptomatic arteriosclerosis affecting the aorta and the cerebral, extra-cranial carotid and coronary arteries.. Intern Med 2013;52(5):523-7.
  57. Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF. Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares.. Equine Vet J 1983 Oct;15(4):371-2.
  58. Carter RA, Treiber KH, Geor RJ, Douglass L, Harris PA. Prediction of incipient pasture-associated laminitis from hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and generalised and localised obesity in a cohort of ponies.. Equine Vet J 2009 Feb;41(2):171-8.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X342975pubmed: 19418747google scholar: lookup
  59. Carter RA, Geor RJ, Burton Staniar W, Cubitt TA, Harris PA. Apparent adiposity assessed by standardised scoring systems and morphometric measurements in horses and ponies.. Vet J 2009 Feb;179(2):204-10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.029pubmed: 18440844google scholar: lookup
  60. Katz LM, Bailey SR. A review of recent advances and current hypotheses on the pathogenesis of acute laminitis.. Equine Vet J 2012 Nov;44(6):752-61.
  61. Gentry LR, Thompson DL Jr, Gentry GT Jr, Davis KA, Godke RA, Cartmill JA. The relationship between body condition, leptin, and reproductive and hormonal characteristics of mares during the seasonal anovulatory period.. J Anim Sci 2002 Oct;80(10):2695-703.
    pubmed: 12413093doi: 10.2527/2002.80102695xgoogle scholar: lookup
  62. Cartmill JA, Thompson DL Jr, Storer WA, Gentry LR, Huff NK. Endocrine responses in mares and geldings with high body condition scores grouped by high vs. low resting leptin concentrations.. J Anim Sci 2003 Sep;81(9):2311-21.
    pubmed: 12968707doi: 10.2527/2003.8192311xgoogle scholar: lookup
  63. Houseknecht KL, Spurlock ME. Leptin regulation of lipid homeostasis: dietary and metabolic implications.. Nutr Res Rev 2003 Jun;16(1):83-96.
    doi: 10.1079/NRR200256pubmed: 19079939google scholar: lookup
  64. Frank N, Elliott SB, Brandt LE, Keisler DH. Physical characteristics, blood hormone concentrations, and plasma lipid concentrations in obese horses with insulin resistance.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006 May 1;228(9):1383-90.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.228.9.1383pubmed: 16649943google scholar: lookup
  65. Lamounier-Zepter V, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Bornstein SR. Insulin resistance in hypertension and cardiovascular disease.. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 Sep;20(3):355-67.
    doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2006.07.002pubmed: 16980199google scholar: lookup
  66. Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome.. Lancet 2005 Apr 16-22;365(9468):1415-28.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66378-7pubmed: 15836891google scholar: lookup
  67. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JC, James WP, Loria CM, Smith SC Jr. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity.. Circulation 2009 Oct 20;120(16):1640-5.
  68. Torres do Rego A, Perez de Isla L, Saltijeral Cerezo A, Vitale G, Izarra A, Alvarez-Sala Walther LA. Cholesterol control according to the presence of metabolic syndrome in coronary and diabetic patients. Relationship with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.. Eur J Intern Med 2014 Jun;25(5):438-43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.03.014pubmed: 24709349google scholar: lookup
  69. Alokail MS, Al-Daghri N, Abdulkareem A, Draz HM, Yakout SM, Alnaami AM, Sabico S, Alenad AM, Chrousos GP. Metabolic syndrome biomarkers and early breast cancer in Saudi women: evidence for the presence of a systemic stress response and/or a pre-existing metabolic syndrome-related neoplasia risk?. BMC Cancer 2013 Feb 4;13:54.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-54pmc: PMC3571930pubmed: 23374911google scholar: lookup
  70. Aleksandrova K, Nimptsch K, Pischon T. Influence of Obesity and Related Metabolic Alterations on Colorectal Cancer Risk.. Curr Nutr Rep 2013 Mar;2(1):1-9.
    doi: 10.1007/s13668-012-0036-9pmc: PMC3562548pubmed: 23396857google scholar: lookup
  71. Frank N, Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC. Insulin resistance and equine metabolic syndrome. In Equine Internal Medicine, 3rd edn, pp 1270–1277. Saunders/Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2010.
  72. Cojocaru M, Cojocaru IM, Silosi I, Vrabie CD. Metabolic syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis.. Maedica (Bucur) 2012 Jun;7(2):148-52.
    pmc: PMC3557423pubmed: 23399930
  73. Cedergren MI. Maternal morbid obesity and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome.. Obstet Gynecol 2004 Feb;103(2):219-24.
  74. Leeners B, Rath W, Kuse S, Irawan C, Imthurn B, Neumaier-Wagner P. BMI: new aspects of a classical risk factor for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006 Jul;111(1):81-6.
    doi: 10.1042/CS20060015pubmed: 16579791google scholar: lookup
  75. Durham AE, Hughes KJ, Cottle HJ, Rendle DI, Boston RC. Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis.. Equine Vet J 2009 Dec;41(9):924-9.
    doi: 10.2746/042516409X452152pubmed: 20383993google scholar: lookup
  76. Grant SF, Thorleifsson G, Reynisdottir I, Benediktsson R, Manolescu A, Sainz J, Helgason A, Stefansson H, Emilsson V, Helgadottir A, Styrkarsdottir U, Magnusson KP, Walters GB, Palsdottir E, Jonsdottir T, Gudmundsdottir T, Gylfason A, Saemundsdottir J, Wilensky RL, Reilly MP, Rader DJ, Bagger Y, Christiansen C, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gulcher JR, Kong A, Stefansson K. Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes.. Nat Genet 2006 Mar;38(3):320-3.
    doi: 10.1038/ng1732pubmed: 16415884google scholar: lookup
  77. Ahlqvist E, Ahluwalia TS, Groop L. Genetics of type 2 diabetes.. Clin Chem 2011 Feb;57(2):241-54.
    doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.157016pubmed: 21119033google scholar: lookup
  78. Cabanac M. Regulation and the ponderostat.. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001 Dec;25 Suppl 5:S7-12.
    doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801904pubmed: 11840207google scholar: lookup
  79. Alemany M. Steroid hormones interrelationships in the metabolic syndrome: an introduction to the ponderostat hypothesis.. Hormones (Athens) 2012 Jul-Sep;11(3):272-89.
    doi: 10.14310/horm.2002.1356pubmed: 22908060google scholar: lookup
  80. Hube F, Lietz U, Igel M, Jensen PB, Tornqvist H, Joost HG, Hauner H. Difference in leptin mRNA levels between omental and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue from obese humans.. Horm Metab Res 1996 Dec;28(12):690-3.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2007-979879pubmed: 9013743google scholar: lookup
  81. Saad MF, Damani S, Gingerich RL, Riad-Gabriel MG, Khan A, Boyadjian R, Jinagouda SD, el-Tawil K, Rude RK, Kamdar V. Sexual dimorphism in plasma leptin concentration.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997 Feb;82(2):579-84.
    pubmed: 9024258doi: 10.1210/jcem.82.2.3739google scholar: lookup
  82. Gómez Abellán P, Gómez Santos C, Madrid JA, Milagro FI, Campion J, Martínez JA, Luján JA, Ordovás JM, Garaulet M. Site-specific circadian expression of leptin and its receptor in human adipose tissue.. Nutr Hosp 2011 Nov-Dec;26(6):1394-401.
  83. Vilà R, Cabot C, Villarreal L, Monegal A, Ayet E, Romero Mdel M, Grasa Mdel M, Esteve M, Fernández-López JA, Remesar X, Alemany M. Oleoyl-estrone is a precursor of an estrone-derived ponderostat signal.. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011 Apr;124(3-5):99-111.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.01.017pubmed: 21310232google scholar: lookup
  84. Manteiga S, Choi K, Jayaraman A, Lee K. Systems biology of adipose tissue metabolism: regulation of growth, signaling and inflammation.. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med 2013 Jul-Aug;5(4):425-47.
    doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1213pubmed: 23408581google scholar: lookup
  85. Summers SA. Ceramides in insulin resistance and lipotoxicity.. Prog Lipid Res 2006 Jan;45(1):42-72.
    doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2005.11.002pubmed: 16445986google scholar: lookup
  86. Kashyap SR, Defronzo RA. The insulin resistance syndrome: physiological considerations.. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2007 Mar;4(1):13-9.
    doi: 10.3132/dvdr.2007.001pubmed: 17469039google scholar: lookup
  87. de la Monte SM, Wands JR. Molecular indices of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction occur early and often progress with severity of Alzheimer's disease.. J Alzheimers Dis 2006 Jul;9(2):167-81.
    pubmed: 16873964doi: 10.3233/jad-2006-9209google scholar: lookup
  88. Waller AP, Burns TA, Mudge MC, Belknap JK, Lacombe VA. Insulin resistance selectively alters cell-surface glucose transporters but not their total protein expression in equine skeletal muscle.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Mar-Apr;25(2):315-21.
  89. Yaspelkis BB 3rd, Kvasha IA, Figueroa TY. High-fat feeding increases insulin receptor and IRS-1 coimmunoprecipitation with SOCS-3, IKKalpha/beta phosphorylation and decreases PI-3 kinase activity in muscle.. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009 Jun;296(6):R1709-15.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00117.2009pmc: PMC2692786pubmed: 19386987google scholar: lookup
  90. Hotamisligil GS, Murray DL, Choy LN, Spiegelman BM. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits signaling from the insulin receptor.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994 May 24;91(11):4854-8.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.11.4854pmc: PMC43887pubmed: 8197147google scholar: lookup
  91. Aguirre V, Werner ED, Giraud J, Lee YH, Shoelson SE, White MF. Phosphorylation of Ser307 in insulin receptor substrate-1 blocks interactions with the insulin receptor and inhibits insulin action.. J Biol Chem 2002 Jan 11;277(2):1531-7.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M101521200pubmed: 11606564google scholar: lookup
  92. Li J, Yu X, Pan W, Unger RH. Gene expression profile of rat adipose tissue at the onset of high-fat-diet obesity.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002 Jun;282(6):E1334-41.
    pubmed: 12006364doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00516.2001google scholar: lookup
  93. Hotamisligil GS. Inflammatory pathways and insulin action.. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003 Dec;27 Suppl 3:S53-5.
    doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802502pubmed: 14704746google scholar: lookup
  94. de Luca C, Olefsky JM. Inflammation and insulin resistance.. FEBS Lett 2008 Jan 9;582(1):97-105.
  95. Alexander CM, Landsman PB, Teutsch SM, Haffner SM. NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older.. Diabetes 2003 May;52(5):1210-4.
    doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.5.1210pubmed: 12716754google scholar: lookup
  96. Devaraj S, Rosenson RS, Jialal I. Metabolic syndrome: an appraisal of the pro-inflammatory and procoagulant status.. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004 Jun;33(2):431-53, table of contents.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2004.03.008pubmed: 15158528google scholar: lookup
  97. Krauss RM, Siri PW. Metabolic abnormalities: triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein.. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004 Jun;33(2):405-15.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2004.03.016pubmed: 15158526google scholar: lookup
  98. Tsukumo DM, Carvalho-Filho MA, Carvalheira JB, Prada PO, Hirabara SM, Schenka AA, Araújo EP, Vassallo J, Curi R, Velloso LA, Saad MJ. Loss-of-function mutation in Toll-like receptor 4 prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.. Diabetes 2007 Aug;56(8):1986-98.
    doi: 10.2337/db06-1595pubmed: 17519423google scholar: lookup
  99. Saberi M, Woods NB, de Luca C, Schenk S, Lu JC, Bandyopadhyay G, Verma IM, Olefsky JM. Hematopoietic cell-specific deletion of toll-like receptor 4 ameliorates hepatic and adipose tissue insulin resistance in high-fat-fed mice.. Cell Metab 2009 Nov;10(5):419-29.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.09.006pmc: PMC2790319pubmed: 19883619google scholar: lookup
  100. Li DY, Yang M, Edwards S, Ye SQ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: for better or worse, blame the gut microbiota?. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013 Nov;37(6):787-93.
    doi: 10.1177/0148607113481623pubmed: 23538296google scholar: lookup
  101. Farrell GC. Signalling links in the liver: knitting SOCS with fat and inflammation.. J Hepatol 2005 Jul;43(1):193-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.04.004pubmed: 15913829google scholar: lookup
  102. Collino M, Aragno M, Castiglia S, Miglio G, Tomasinelli C, Boccuzzi G, Thiemermann C, Fantozzi R. Pioglitazone improves lipid and insulin levels in overweight rats on a high cholesterol and fructose diet by decreasing hepatic inflammation.. Br J Pharmacol 2010 Aug;160(8):1892-902.
  103. Emanuelli B, Peraldi P, Filloux C, Chavey C, Freidinger K, Hilton DJ, Hotamisligil GS, Van Obberghen E. SOCS-3 inhibits insulin signaling and is up-regulated in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the adipose tissue of obese mice.. J Biol Chem 2001 Dec 21;276(51):47944-9.
    doi: 10.1074/jbc.M008700200pubmed: 11604392google scholar: lookup
  104. Ueki K, Kondo T, Tseng YH, Kahn CR. Central role of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins in hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome in the mouse.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 Jul 13;101(28):10422-7.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402511101pmc: PMC478587pubmed: 15240880google scholar: lookup
  105. Djurhuus MS, Skøtt P, Hother-Nielson O, Klitgaard NA, Beck-Nielsen H. Insulin increases renal magnesium excretion: a possible cause of magnesium depletion in hyperinsulinaemic states.. Diabet Med 1995 Aug;12(8):664-9.
  106. Chaudhary DP, Sharma R, Bansal DD. Implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes: a review.. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010 May;134(2):119-29.
    doi: 10.1007/s12011-009-8465-zpubmed: 19629403google scholar: lookup
  107. Kumeda Y, Inaba M. [Metabolic syndrome and magnesium].. Clin Calcium 2005 Nov;15(11):97-104.
    pubmed: 16272619
  108. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity.. N Engl J Med 1989 Apr 6;320(14):915-24.
    doi: 10.1056/NEJM198901053200122pubmed: 2648148google scholar: lookup
  109. Haberland ME, Steinbrecher UP. Modified low-density lipoprotein: diversity and biological relevance in atherogenesis. In Molecular Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease: Candidate Genes and Processes in Artherosclerosis. Monographs in Human Genetics. Eds AJ Lusis, JI Rotter & RS Sparks, vol 14, pp 35–61. Basel, Switzerland: Kargel, 1992.
  110. Böhm I, Heverhagen JT, Behe M, Greschus S, Willinek W, Lohmaier S, Wilhelm K, Block W, Träber F, Schild H. [Molecular imaging of apoptosis in cardiovascular diseases].. Rofo 2007 Aug;179(8):780-9.
    doi: 10.1055/s-2007-963295pubmed: 17599287google scholar: lookup
  111. Geelen SN, Lemmens AG, Terpstra AH, Wensing T, Beynen AC. High density lipoprotein cholesteryl ester metabolism in the pony, an animal species without plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity: transfer of high density lipoprotein cholesteryl esters to lower density lipoproteins and the effect of the amount of fat in the diet.. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001 Sep;130(2):145-54.
    doi: 10.1016/S1096-4959(01)00416-Xpubmed: 11544085google scholar: lookup
  112. Johnson PJ, Slight SH, Ganjam VK, Kreeger JM. Glucocorticoids and laminitis in the horse.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2002 Aug;18(2):219-36.
    pubmed: 15635906doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(02)00015-9google scholar: lookup
  113. Pollitt CC. Equine laminitis. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice 2004;3:34–44.
  114. Knowles EJ, Withers JM, Mair TS. Increased plasma fructosamine concentrations in laminitic horses.. Equine Vet J 2012 Mar;44(2):226-9.
  115. Bailey SR, Habershon-Butcher JL, Ransom KJ, Elliott J, Menzies-Gow NJ. Hypertension and insulin resistance in a mixed-breed population of ponies predisposed to laminitis.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Jan;69(1):122-9.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.122pubmed: 18167097google scholar: lookup
  116. de Laat MA, Sillence MN, McGowan CM, Pollitt CC. Continuous intravenous infusion of glucose induces endogenous hyperinsulinaemia and lamellar histopathology in Standardbred horses.. Vet J 2012 Mar;191(3):317-22.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.07.007pubmed: 21873088google scholar: lookup
  117. Cusi K, Maezono K, Osman A, Pendergrass M, Patti ME, Pratipanawatr T, DeFronzo RA, Kahn CR, Mandarino LJ. Insulin resistance differentially affects the PI 3-kinase- and MAP kinase-mediated signaling in human muscle.. J Clin Invest 2000 Feb;105(3):311-20.
    doi: 10.1172/JCI7535pmc: PMC377440pubmed: 10675357google scholar: lookup
  118. Leclercq IA, Da Silva Morais A, Schroyen B, Van Hul N, Geerts A. Insulin resistance in hepatocytes and sinusoidal liver cells: mechanisms and consequences.. J Hepatol 2007 Jul;47(1):142-56.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.04.002pubmed: 17512085google scholar: lookup
  119. Mancia G, Bousquet P, Elghozi JL, Esler M, Grassi G, Julius S, Reid J, Van Zwieten PA. The sympathetic nervous system and the metabolic syndrome.. J Hypertens 2007 May;25(5):909-20.
    doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328048d004pubmed: 17414649google scholar: lookup
  120. Muniyappa R, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ. Cardiovascular actions of insulin.. Endocr Rev 2007 Aug;28(5):463-91.
    doi: 10.1210/er.2007-0006pubmed: 17525361google scholar: lookup
  121. Muniyappa R, Iantorno M, Quon MJ. An integrated view of insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction.. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008 Sep;37(3):685-711, ix-x.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2008.06.001pmc: PMC2613319pubmed: 18775359google scholar: lookup
  122. Gauff FC, Patan-Zugaj B, Licka TF. Effect of short-term hyperinsulinemia on the localization and expression of endothelin receptors A and B in lamellar tissue of the forelimbs of horses.. Am J Vet Res 2014 Apr;75(4):367-74.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.75.4.367pmc: PMC4018679pubmed: 24669922google scholar: lookup
  123. Lüscher TF, Barton M. Endothelins and endothelin receptor antagonists: therapeutic considerations for a novel class of cardiovascular drugs.. Circulation 2000 Nov 7;102(19):2434-40.
    doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.102.19.2434pubmed: 11067800google scholar: lookup
  124. Schiffrin EL. Role of endothelin-1 in hypertension and vascular disease.. Am J Hypertens 2001 Jun;14(6 Pt 2):83S-89S.
    doi: 10.1016/S0895-7061(01)02074-Xpubmed: 11411770google scholar: lookup
  125. Mazzuca MQ, Khalil RA. Vascular endothelin receptor type B: structure, function and dysregulation in vascular disease.. Biochem Pharmacol 2012 Jul 15;84(2):147-62.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.020pmc: PMC3358417pubmed: 22484314google scholar: lookup
  126. de Laat MA, Pollitt CC, Kyaw-Tanner MT, McGowan CM, Sillence MN. A potential role for lamellar insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in the pathogenesis of hyperinsulinaemic laminitis.. Vet J 2013 Aug;197(2):302-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.026pubmed: 23394844google scholar: lookup
  127. Laviola L, Natalicchio A, Giorgino F. The IGF-I signaling pathway.. Curr Pharm Des 2007;13(7):663-9.
    doi: 10.2174/138161207780249146pubmed: 17346182google scholar: lookup
  128. Tsujimoto H, Ono S, Efron PA, Scumpia PO, Moldawer LL, Mochizuki H. Role of Toll-like receptors in the development of sepsis.. Shock 2008 Mar;29(3):315-21.
    doi: 10.1097/SHK.0b013e318157ee55pubmed: 18277854google scholar: lookup
  129. Belknap JK, Moore JN, Crouser EC. Sepsis-From human organ failure to laminar failure.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009 Jun 15;129(3-4):155-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.11.013pubmed: 19131119google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 11 times.
  1. Carver C, Bruemmer J, Coleman S, Landolt G, Hess T. Effects of corn supplementation on serum and muscle microRNA profiles in horses.. Food Sci Nutr 2023 Jun;11(6):2811-2822.
    doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3259pubmed: 37324886google scholar: lookup
  2. Lovett AL, Gilliam LL, Sykes BW, McFarlane D. Thromboelastography in obese horses with insulin dysregulation compared to healthy controls.. J Vet Intern Med 2022 May;36(3):1131-1138.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16421pubmed: 35429197google scholar: lookup
  3. Fuentes-Romero B, Muñoz-Prieto A, Cerón JJ, Martín-Cuervo M, Iglesias-García M, Aguilera-Tejero E, Díez-Castro E. Measurement of Plasma Resistin Concentrations in Horses with Metabolic and Inflammatory Disorders.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Dec 30;12(1).
    doi: 10.3390/ani12010077pubmed: 35011183google scholar: lookup
  4. Kornicka-Garbowska K, Bourebaba L, Röcken M, Marycz K. Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) Mitigates ER Stress in Hepatocytes In Vitro and Ex Vivo.. Cells 2021 Mar 30;10(4).
    doi: 10.3390/cells10040755pubmed: 33808055google scholar: lookup
  5. Bourebaba L, Kornicka-Garbowska K, Al Naem M, Röcken M, Łyczko J, Marycz K. MSI-1436 improves EMS adipose derived progenitor stem cells in the course of adipogenic differentiation through modulation of ER stress, apoptosis, and oxidative stress.. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021 Feb 3;12(1):97.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-02102-xpubmed: 33536069google scholar: lookup
  6. Pravednikova AE, Shevchenko SY, Kerchev VV, Skhirtladze MR, Larina SN, Kachaev ZM, Egorov AD, Shidlovskii YV. Association of uncoupling protein (Ucp) gene polymorphisms with cardiometabolic diseases.. Mol Med 2020 May 25;26(1):51.
    doi: 10.1186/s10020-020-00180-4pubmed: 32450815google scholar: lookup
  7. Lindenberg F, Krych L, Fielden J, Kot W, Frøkiær H, van Galen G, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK. Expression of immune regulatory genes correlate with the abundance of specific Clostridiales and Verrucomicrobia species in the equine ileum and cecum.. Sci Rep 2019 Sep 3;9(1):12674.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49081-5pubmed: 31481726google scholar: lookup
  8. Adolph S, Schedlbauer C, Blaue D, Schöniger A, Gittel C, Brehm W, Fuhrmann H, Vervuert I. Lipid classes in adipose tissues and liver differ between Shetland ponies and Warmblood horses.. PLoS One 2019;14(3):e0207568.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207568pubmed: 30897169google scholar: lookup
  9. Cassimeris L, Engiles JB, Galantino-Homer H. Detection of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response in naturally-occurring endocrinopathic equine laminitis.. BMC Vet Res 2019 Jan 10;15(1):24.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1748-xpubmed: 30630474google scholar: lookup
  10. Archer E, Pavela G, McDonald S, Lavie CJ, Hill JO. Cell-Specific "Competition for Calories" Drives Asymmetric Nutrient-Energy Partitioning, Obesity, and Metabolic Diseases in Human and Non-human Animals.. Front Physiol 2018;9:1053.
    doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01053pubmed: 30147656google scholar: lookup
  11. Szydlarska J, Weiss C, Marycz K. The Effect of Methyl-β-cyclodextrin on Apoptosis, Proliferative Activity, and Oxidative Stress in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells of Horses Suffering from Metabolic Syndrome (EMS).. Molecules 2018 Jan 30;23(2).
    doi: 10.3390/molecules23020287pubmed: 29385746google scholar: lookup