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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2023; 13(5); 827; doi: 10.3390/ani13050827

Metacarpophalangeal Joint Pathology and Bone Mineral Density Increase with Exercise but Not with Incidence of Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fracture in Thoroughbred Racehorses.

Abstract: Proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) fracture is the leading cause of fatal musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses in Hong Kong and the US. Efforts are underway to investigate diagnostic modalities that could help identify racehorses at increased risk of fracture; however, features associated with PSB fracture risk are still poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate third metacarpal (MC3) and PSB density and mineral content using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography (CT), Raman spectroscopy, and ash fraction measurements, and (2) investigate PSB quality and metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) pathology using Raman spectroscopy and CT. Forelimbs were collected from 29 Thoroughbred racehorse cadavers ( = 14 PSB fracture, = 15 control) for DXA and CT imaging, and PSBs were sectioned for Raman spectroscopy and ash fraction measurements. Bone mineral density (BMD) was greater in MC3 condyles and PSBs of horses with more high-speed furlongs. MCPJ pathology, including palmar osteochondral disease (POD), MC3 condylar sclerosis, and MC3 subchondral lysis were greater in horses with more high-speed furlongs. There were no differences in BMD or Raman parameters between fracture and control groups; however, Raman spectroscopy and ash fraction measurements revealed regional differences in PSB BMD and tissue composition. Many parameters, including MC3 and PSB bone mineral density, were strongly correlated with total high-speed furlongs.
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Publication Date: 2023-02-24 PubMed ID: 36899684PubMed Central: PMC10000193DOI: 10.3390/ani13050827Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research focuses on the connection between proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) fracture and bone density in Thoroughbred racehorses, exploring how exercise may contribute to higher bone mineral density but not necessarily to a higher risk of these fractures.

Objective of the Study

The main objectives of this study were twofold. First, the researchers aimed to inspect the third metacarpal and PSB’s density and mineral content using multiple technologies: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography (CT), and Raman spectroscopy. Second, the team studied the quality of the PSB and the pathology of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) using Raman spectroscopy and CT.

Sample Used in the Study

The researchers used forelimbs from 29 deceased Thoroughbred racehorses (14 with PSB fracture, 15 without) for DXA and CT imaging. The PSBs were sectioned for Raman spectroscopy and ash fraction measurements.

Findings from the Study

  • The researchers found that the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) was greater in the third metacarpal condyles and the PSBs of horses that had raced more high-speed furlongs. This suggests that more intense exercise contributes to denser bone structure.
  • The researchers discovered an increase in MCPJ diseases, including palmar osteochondral disease (POD), third metacarpal condylar sclerosis, and third metacarpal subchondral lysis in horses with more high-speed furlongs. This indicates that high-speed exercise may increase the risk of joint pathology.
  • Interestingly, the researchers found no significant differences in BMD or the parameters from Raman spectroscopy between the horses that had had a fracture and those that hadn’t. This suggests that higher bone density is not necessarily linked with higher fracture risk.

Conclusion from the Study

  • Using Raman spectroscopy and ash fraction measurements, researchers identified regional differences in PSB BMD and tissue composition. They attributed this to the advanced technology’s ability to deliver more detailed scans.
  • Despite a correlation existing between MC3 and PSB bone mineral density and high-speed furlongs, the researchers did not observe a correlation between these parameters and fracture incidence. This significant finding leads to the conclusion that a stronger bone structure due to intense exercise does not necessarily result in higher fracture risk.

Cite This Article

APA
Noordwijk KJ, Chen L, Ruspi BD, Schurer S, Papa B, Fasanello DC, McDonough SP, Palmer SE, Porter IR, Basran PS, Donnelly E, Reesink HL. (2023). Metacarpophalangeal Joint Pathology and Bone Mineral Density Increase with Exercise but Not with Incidence of Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fracture in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel), 13(5), 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050827

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 5
PII: 827

Researcher Affiliations

Noordwijk, Kira J
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Chen, Leyi
  • Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Ruspi, Bianca D
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Schurer, Sydney
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Papa, Brittany
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Fasanello, Diana C
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
McDonough, Sean P
  • Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Palmer, Scott E
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Porter, Ian R
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Basran, Parminder S
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Donnelly, Eve
  • Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Reesink, Heidi L
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Grant Funding

  • NSF CMMI 1452852 / National Science Foundation
  • HLR / Harry M. Zweig Memorial Fund for Equine Research

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Beck C, Morrice-West AV, Muir P, Hitchens PL, Whitton RC. Quantification of the difference in hounsfield units of an electron density phantom between a conventional and standing computed tomography machine. Vet Res Commun 2025 Jun 17;49(4):228.
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  2. Ciamillo SA, Bills KW, Gassert TM, Richardson DW, Brown KA, Stefanovski D, Ortved KF. Effect of high-speed exercise on subchondral bone in the metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal joints of 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses in their first year of training. Equine Vet J 2026 Jan;58(1):40-48.
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  3. Nagy A, Boros K, Dyson S. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computed Tomographic and Radiographic Findings in the Metacarpophalangeal Joints of 40 Non-Lame Thoroughbred Yearlings. Animals (Basel) 2023 Nov 9;13(22).
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