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Modulation of mandibular loading and bite force in mammals during mastication.
Abstract: Modulation of force during mammalian mastication provides insight into force modulation in rhythmic, cyclic behaviors. This study uses in vivo bone strain data from the mandibular corpus to test two hypotheses regarding bite force modulation during rhythmic mastication in mammals: (1) that bite force is modulated by varying the duration of force production, or (2) that bite force is modulated by varying the rate at which force is produced. The data sample consists of rosette strain data from 40 experiments on 11 species of mammals, including six primate genera and four nonprimate species: goats, pigs, horses and alpacas. Bivariate correlation and multiple regression methods are used to assess relationships between maximum (epsilon(1)) and minimum (epsilon(2)) principal strain magnitudes and the following variables: loading time and mean loading rate from 5% of peak to peak strain, unloading time and mean unloading rate from peak to 5% of peak strain, chew cycle duration, and chew duty factor. Bivariate correlations reveal that in the majority of experiments strain magnitudes are significantly (P<0.001) correlated with strain loading and unloading rates and not with strain loading and unloading times. In those cases when strain magnitudes are also correlated with loading times, strain magnitudes are more highly correlated with loading rate than loading time. Multiple regression analyses reveal that variation in strain magnitude is best explained by variation in loading rate. Loading time and related temporal variables (such as overall chew cycle time and chew duty factor) do not explain significant amounts of additional variance. Few and only weak correlations were found between strain magnitude and chew cycle time and chew duty factor. These data suggest that bite force modulation during rhythmic mastication in mammals is mainly achieved by modulating the rate at which force is generated within a chew cycle, and less so by varying temporal parameters. Rate modulation rather than time modulation may allow rhythmic mastication to proceed at a relatively constant frequency, simplifying motor control computation.
Publication Date: 2007-03-06 PubMed ID: 17337717DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02733Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- N.I.H.
- Extramural
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
- Research Support
- U.S. Gov't
- Non-P.H.S.
Summary
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The research investigates how mammals modulate bite force during chewing, by testing two hypotheses – whether it is adjusted by changing the duration of force production or the rate of force production. Using in vivo bone strain data from various mammals, the study found that bite force modulation is mainly achieved by varying the rate of force production rather than the duration.
Objectives of the Study
- The study tested two hypotheses related to how bite force is modulated during rhythmic mastication in mammals. The first hypothesis contemplates whether bite force is modulated by varying the time duration of force production, and the second considers whether bite force is modulated by varying the rate at which force is produced.
Methodology
- Data was collected from 40 experiments involving 11 different species of mammals like six primate genera (a group of one or more species), goats, pigs, horses, and alpacas.
- The researchers used in vivo bone strain data from the mandibular corpus, which is essentially the strain or deformation experienced by the mandible or lower jaw bone during mastication.
- Bivariate correlation and multiple regression methods were used to assess relationships between various parameters such as maximum and minimum principal strain magnitudes, loading and unloading times and rates, chew cycle duration, and chew duty factor.
Results and Findings
- Most experiments indicated that strain magnitudes (a reflection of bite force) are correlated with the rate of strain loading and unloading rather than the duration of loading and unloading.
- Where strain magnitudes also showed correlation with loading times, the correlation with loading rates was stronger.
- Regression analyses show that variation in strain magnitude (and hence bite force) during mastication is best explained by variation in loading rate rather than loading time or other temporal variables.
- Rate modulation in bite force allows rhythmic mastication to maintain a relatively constant frequency, simplifying motor control computation.
Conclusion
- In mammals, the modulation of bite force during rhythmic mastication is predominantly determined by modulating the rate of force generation within a chew cycle, less so by altering temporal parameters.
Cite This Article
APA
Ross CF, Dharia R, Herring SW, Hylander WL, Liu ZJ, Rafferty KL, Ravosa MJ, Williams SH.
(2007).
Modulation of mandibular loading and bite force in mammals during mastication.
J Exp Biol, 210(Pt 6), 1046-1063.
https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02733 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. rossc@uchicago.edu
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Biomechanical Phenomena
- Bite Force
- Mammals / physiology
- Mandible / physiology
- Mastication / physiology
- Regression Analysis
- Time Factors
Grant Funding
- DE 11962 / NIDCR NIH HHS
- DE-04531 / NIDCR NIH HHS
- DE-05595 / NIDCR NIH HHS
- DE14457 / NIDCR NIH HHS
Citations
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